1.2.3. 测Mount Everest 的高度*

　　AppleStrudel(730)

　　测珠峰(Mount Everest)高度(两段):

　　首段：某年，中国重新测了珠峰，用的是传统的目测法(Visibal….). 此方法是目测什么海拔仪，但是目测时是透过光线的折射读数，(大概是像温度计一样读数的)因为空气状况会随温度和压力变化，此读数不精确。为了减小误差，测量队尽量来到离峰顶只有几迈到十几迈的地方。(此处有题：答案就是离峰顶更近)。

　　二段：测量中在三点上改进了此传统方法。第一，。。。;第二，。。。;第三，用红旗子标记了以前测量点，下次确定还在这点测量(很好懂，第一段有关于仪器的描述有点晕，但是不需要看懂)

　　[GWD]

　　In 1975 Chinese survey teams 1975年中国人量度珠峰，使用的

　　remeasured Mount Everest, the highest 技术和1852年英国人的相同。

　　of the Himalayan mountains. Like the 他们从海岸线开始行进，每隔几

　　Line British in 1852, they used the age-old 步量度一次上升高度。

　　(5) technique of “carrying in” sea level:

　　surveyors marched inland from the

　　coast for thousands of miles, stopping

　　at increments of as little as a few feet

　　to measure their elevation, and mark-

　　(10) ing each increment with two poles.

　　To measure the difference in elevation 使用工具：置于两根杆中间的望

　　between poles, surveyors used an 远镜。

　　optical level—a telescope on a level

　　base—placed halfway between the

　　(15) poles. They sighted each pole, read-

　　ing off measurements that were then

　　used to calculate the change in eleva-

　　tion over each increment. In sight of 看到峰顶时，他们使用经纬仪

　　the peaks they used theodolites— 探定顶点的上升。

　　(20) telescopes for measuring vertical and

　　horizontal angles—to determine the

　　elevation of the summit.

　　The Chinese, however, made 但中国人努力改正英国人的误

　　forts to correct for the errors that 差。

　　(25) had plagued the British. One source 误差1：由于不同温度压力造成

　　of error is rraction, the bending of 的光折射。这会产生峰顶幻象。

　　light beams as they pass through air

　　layers of different temperature and

　　pressure. Because light traveling.

　　(30) down from a summit passes through

　　many such layers, a surveyor could

　　sight a mirage rather than the peak

　　itself. To reduce rraction errors, the 解决：1，减少通过经纬仪的光，

　　Chinese team carried in sea level to 2，使用天气气球测量温度压力。

　　(35) within five to twelve miles of Everest’s

　　summit, decreasing the amount of air

　　that light passed through on its way to

　　their theodolites. The Chinese also

　　launched weather balloons near their

　　(40) theodolites to measure atmospheric

　　temperature and pressure changes

　　to better estimate rraction errors.

　　Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. 误差2：测量者们的测量点不同。

　　When surveyors sight the summit.

　　(45) there is a risk they might not all

　　measure the same point. In 1975

　　the Chinese installed the first survey 解决：安装一个红色灯塔。

　　beacon on Everest, a red rlector

　　visible through a theodolite for ten

　　(50) miles, as a rerence point. One 误差3：海平面不平。

　　more source of error is the uneven-

　　ness of sea level. The British

　　assumed that carrying in sea level

　　would extend an imaginary line from

　　(55) the shore along Earth’s curve to a

　　point beneath the Himalaya. In

　　reality, sea level varies according

　　to the irregular interior of the planet.

　　The Chinese used a gravity meter to 解决：用重力计改正误差。

　　correct for local deviations in sea level.

　　----------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q32:It can be inferred from the passage thatrraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’selevation under which of the followingconditions?

　　A.When there are local variations in sealevel

　　B.When light passes through humid air

　　C.When theodolites are used relatively farfrom the mountain peak.

　　D.When weather balloons indicate low airtemperature and pressure.

　　E.When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.

　　------------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q33: Which of the following best describes thepurpose of the sentence in lines 23-25(“The Chinese…the British”)?

　　A.Introduce a dinition

　　B.Signal a transition in focus

　　C.Summarize the preceding paragraph

　　D.Draw a contrast between two different theories.

　　E.Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.

　　-----------------------------------------------------------------Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?

　　A.Mirages

　　B.Rraction

　　C.Inaccurate instruments

　　D.Variations in sea level

　　E.Uncertainty about the exact point to bemeasured

　　---------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A.provide details about improvements to a process

　　B.challenge the assumptions underlying anew method

　　C.criticize the way in which a failed projectwas carried out

　　D.call for new methods to solve an existing problem

　　E.explain the theory behind a new technique

　　1.2.4. 测鱼群数量 & mortality

　　AppleStrudel(730)

　　测鱼群数量，死亡率(三段，属于中等长度文章)：

　　首段：测鱼群自然繁殖率。等到鱼长到商业捕捞网能够捕捞到的尺寸，捕捞鱼群。比如测cod 身上的环纹确定年龄(就好像年轮)。Vf

　　二段：测鱼的死亡率mortality, 只要看看每年剩下的一岁鱼，两岁鱼等各有多少(大概是这个意思)

　　三段：还想测在海里活着的鱼的数量，又想了个办法

　　V2(700)

　　捕鱼的，人们用一种方法测量雨的年龄以确定最佳捕鱼量。第二段作者认为这种方法有缺陷，因为它忽略了逃脱网的鱼的数量，然而这种方法为测量鱼群的总数量提供了clue，可以计算每年鱼群数量的增加与减少数

　　补充：只记得了观点题：将了什么什么东西的development

　　V3(760 V43)

　　测量最佳捕鱼量，一共三段，很难，关键混合了逻辑。

　　这种测量办法交SPV什么的，

　　1.Infer 题：the accuracy of SPV depends on what? 定位第三段，应该是technique of 什么什么的hatch。

　　2.根据目测得出的Morality的数据怎么样?inaccurate.

　　3.忘了

GMAT机经：2010年8月阅读（至8.29）（十三）GMAT机经：2010年8月阅读（至8.29）（十三）

　　1.2.3. 测Mount Everest 的高度*

　　AppleStrudel(730)

　　测珠峰(Mount Everest)高度(两段):

　　首段：某年，中国重新测了珠峰，用的是传统的目测法(Visibal….). 此方法是目测什么海拔仪，但是目测时是透过光线的折射读数，(大概是像温度计一样读数的)因为空气状况会随温度和压力变化，此读数不精确。为了减小误差，测量队尽量来到离峰顶只有几迈到十几迈的地方。(此处有题：答案就是离峰顶更近)。

　　二段：测量中在三点上改进了此传统方法。第一，。。。;第二，。。。;第三，用红旗子标记了以前测量点，下次确定还在这点测量(很好懂，第一段有关于仪器的描述有点晕，但是不需要看懂)

　　[GWD]

　　In 1975 Chinese survey teams 1975年中国人量度珠峰，使用的

　　remeasured Mount Everest, the highest 技术和1852年英国人的相同。

　　of the Himalayan mountains. Like the 他们从海岸线开始行进，每隔几

　　Line British in 1852, they used the age-old 步量度一次上升高度。

　　(5) technique of “carrying in” sea level:

　　surveyors marched inland from the

　　coast for thousands of miles, stopping

　　at increments of as little as a few feet

　　to measure their elevation, and mark-

　　(10) ing each increment with two poles.

　　To measure the difference in elevation 使用工具：置于两根杆中间的望

　　between poles, surveyors used an 远镜。

　　optical level—a telescope on a level

　　base—placed halfway between the

　　(15) poles. They sighted each pole, read-

　　ing off measurements that were then

　　used to calculate the change in eleva-

　　tion over each increment. In sight of 看到峰顶时，他们使用经纬仪

　　the peaks they used theodolites— 探定顶点的上升。

　　(20) telescopes for measuring vertical and

　　horizontal angles—to determine the

　　elevation of the summit.

　　The Chinese, however, made 但中国人努力改正英国人的误

　　forts to correct for the errors that 差。

　　(25) had plagued the British. One source 误差1：由于不同温度压力造成

　　of error is rraction, the bending of 的光折射。这会产生峰顶幻象。

　　light beams as they pass through air

　　layers of different temperature and

　　pressure. Because light traveling.

　　(30) down from a summit passes through

　　many such layers, a surveyor could

　　sight a mirage rather than the peak

　　itself. To reduce rraction errors, the 解决：1，减少通过经纬仪的光，

　　Chinese team carried in sea level to 2，使用天气气球测量温度压力。

　　(35) within five to twelve miles of Everest’s

　　summit, decreasing the amount of air

　　that light passed through on its way to

　　their theodolites. The Chinese also

　　launched weather balloons near their

　　(40) theodolites to measure atmospheric

　　temperature and pressure changes

　　to better estimate rraction errors.

　　Another hurdle is the peak’s shape. 误差2：测量者们的测量点不同。

　　When surveyors sight the summit.

　　(45) there is a risk they might not all

　　measure the same point. In 1975

　　the Chinese installed the first survey 解决：安装一个红色灯塔。

　　beacon on Everest, a red rlector

　　visible through a theodolite for ten

　　(50) miles, as a rerence point. One 误差3：海平面不平。

　　more source of error is the uneven-

　　ness of sea level. The British

　　assumed that carrying in sea level

　　would extend an imaginary line from

　　(55) the shore along Earth’s curve to a

　　point beneath the Himalaya. In

　　reality, sea level varies according

　　to the irregular interior of the planet.

　　The Chinese used a gravity meter to 解决：用重力计改正误差。

　　correct for local deviations in sea level.

　　----------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q32:It can be inferred from the passage thatrraction would be most likely to cause errors in measurements of a mountain’selevation under which of the followingconditions?

　　A.When there are local variations in sealevel

　　B.When light passes through humid air

　　C.When theodolites are used relatively farfrom the mountain peak.

　　D.When weather balloons indicate low airtemperature and pressure.

　　E.When sea level has been carried in to within five to twelve miles of the summit.

　　------------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q33: Which of the following best describes thepurpose of the sentence in lines 23-25(“The Chinese…the British”)?

　　A.Introduce a dinition

　　B.Signal a transition in focus

　　C.Summarize the preceding paragraph

　　D.Draw a contrast between two different theories.

　　E.Present information that contradicts the preceding paragraph.

　　-----------------------------------------------------------------Q34: Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a possible source of error in surveying mountain elevation?

　　A.Mirages

　　B.Rraction

　　C.Inaccurate instruments

　　D.Variations in sea level

　　E.Uncertainty about the exact point to bemeasured

　　---------------------------------------------------------------

　　Q35: The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A.provide details about improvements to a process

　　B.challenge the assumptions underlying anew method

　　C.criticize the way in which a failed projectwas carried out

　　D.call for new methods to solve an existing problem

　　E.explain the theory behind a new technique

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