SAT语法要点之平行结构.

2017-08-05 作者： 398阅读

　　在SAT语法中所谓平行结构(parallelism)，就是把一个句子逻辑上应属于同一句法成分的并列事物用相同的结构来表达。平行结构是一种修辞手法，它要求处于并列关系的句子与句子之间，句子内部并列的成分之间采取同类语法形式来表达同类概念，以达到明晰句意、节省用词、加强语气、增加韵律的修辞效果，而且能起篇章纽带作用。掌握这一语言现象，不仅有利于搞清句子之间的关系，也有利于学习者写出流畅的英文句子，从而为写作水平的提高打下坚实的基础。在SAT语法题中，只要形成平行结构的选项，在语法上都是最佳的。

　　平行结构考点小结

　　→相关式连接词构成平行结构

　　→单一式连接词构成平行结构

　　→句子的平行

　　一、考点详解

　　1. 相关式连接词构成平行结构

　　相关式连接词构成平行结构比较简单，要点就是掌握牢在SAT中常见的相关式并列连词，如both...and…, not...but…, either...or…, neither...nor…, from...to…, from...until…, between...and…, not only...but (also)…, combine…with…, blend…with…等等。这类平行结构要求前项连接词与后项连接词之间的部分对等。

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句1：A healthy economy can be measured not only by the growth of business but it has a psychological fect on people.

　　例句1是由not only…but (also)…构成的相关式连接词的平行结构，要求not only与but后所对应的两个连接单位的词性和结构必须相统一。处于平行关系的部分可以是句子的任何成分，如名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词等。该句中前部分是介词短语by the growth of business后面是句子it has a psychological fect on people，明显不符合要求。可以改为by the psychological fect on people。

　　2. 单一式连接词构成平行结构

　　单一式连接词构成平行结构相对比较难观察，单一式连接词有and, or, but, as well as, other than, instead of。这种平行结构按连接的对象数量可以继续分为两类。

　　①三者或三者以上的平行(and, or, but)

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句2：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a job, or to join the army.

　　例句2中，alternatives后面分别跟着三个平行对象attending college, finding a job和to join the army，它们都是对alternatives的具体说明，逻辑上应属于同一成分的并列事物，可是前两个用的是动宾结构的动名词短语，而第三个却用了不定式结构to join the army，即用了一个与前两者不同的结构，改正的办法是将该不定式结构改为动名词短语joining the army，以实现结构平行。这类平行结构参照物较多，比较容易找到对等的结构，再如，

　　I like to be up first in my own castle, to wake the cook myself, to shave while he boils the kettle and then to call the rest of my family with a warm cup of coffee.

　　该句中有多组不定式短语形成平行结构，如果其中某一个错误，很容易发现。

　　②两者的平行(and, or, but, as well as, other than, instead of)

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句3：Knowing how to study and to learn how to budget time are important for students.

　　例句3中，and连接的前后两者的平行，看似前者Knowing how to study后者to learn how to budget time不平行，应该都使用动名词形式;但是该句可不可以理解为两个不定式to study与to learn how to budget time之间的平行呢?所以对于两者的平行应该全方位的观察：意义、逻辑以及前后的语法。该句中谓语动词是are复数动词，其主语必须是复数名词。因此应该是两个动名词平行做主语Knowing how to study and learning to budget time。

　　3. 句子的平行

　　句子的平行结构，即我们汉语所说的排比句：把同样的句子结构排列成串，形成一个整体。这类句子往往结构整齐匀称，读起来铿锵有力，给人一气呵成之感。在英美等国的演讲以及杂文中非常常见，如：

　　①But in a large sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. (The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln)

　　②But one hundred years later, the Negro is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and find himself an exile in his own land.

　　(I Have a Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr.)

　　③Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.

　　(Of Studies: Francis Bacon)

　　句子的平行结构是由两个或者两个以上的句法结构相同或相似、意义相关、语气一致的句子所组成。这类句子通常前后紧密联结、结构整齐、语气贯通、音律顿挫。从修辞对应关系来看，大约相当于汉语中的排比和对偶句子的中和。如果运用在一般的文学作品中，能使文章平添几分书卷气和较强的语言艺术美感，增加文章的可读性;产生使人读起来琅琅上口、读完意犹未尽的效果。所以掌握该语言技巧，有利于同学们在SAT作文中写出流畅的英文句子，取得高分。

　　二、真题再现

　　1. Many college students think that school policies should not be dictated by administrative officers but instead they should be submitted to the approval of the students.

　　(A) but instead they should be submitted to the approval of the students.

　　(B) but they should have been submitted to the approval of the students.

　　(D) because they should be submitted for their approval to the students.

　　(E) however, they ought to be submitted to the students for their approval.

　　解析：原句是由but连接的并列句，但上文中我们以提到在SAT语法题中，只要形成平行结构的选项，在语法上都是最佳的。

　　2. Most famous for her record-breaking trip around the world, Bly (1864-1922) also pioneered a new type of undercover investigative journalism and inventing a type of steel barrel.

　　(A) inventing a type of steel barrel

　　(B) invents a type of steel barrel

　　(D) a type of steel barrel was invented by her

　　(E) a type of steel barrel was also her invention

　　解析：该句是由and单一式连接词构成平行结构，划线部分inventing与上文没有相似的结构，所以通过选项可以看出invent可以与该句谓语动词pioneered平行。

　　3. A recent study of animal language offers (A) provocative theories about (B) the origins of such complex behaviors as (C) the colorfully and noisy (D) signals animals use to communicate. No error (E)

　　解析：该句是由and单一式连接词构成平行结构colorfully and noisy，前后两部分词性必须相同，所以应该改为colorful and noisy。

　　4. After she won a gold medal in figure skating at the 1956 Olympic Games, Tanley Albright attended medical school and becoming a surgeon.

　　(A) school and becoming

　　(B) school and became

　　(D) school, she became

　　(E) school; also becoming

　　解析：该句是由and单一式连接词构成平行结构，划线部分becoming与上文没有相似的结构，所以通过选项可以看出become可以与该句谓语动词attended平行。

　　5. Dr. Ling strongly (A) encouraged each of (B) us contacting (C) our federal and state representatives and urge them to increase (D) funding for elementary school music programs. No error (E)

　　解析：该句是由and单一式连接词构成平行结构，and后是urge原形动词，但and前却没有对应的动词原形与之形成平行，所以只能把contacting改为to contact。

　　6. Participants in the executive leadership workshop expect a program of outstanding speakers and gaining information about new approaches to management.

　　(A) and gaining information

　　(B) as well as information

　　(D) and also being informed

　　(E) in addition, they expect to gain information

　　解析：该句是由and单一式连接词构成平行结构，划线部分gaining information与上文没有相似的结构，注意outstanding是形容词，并不是动名词。同理，选项C和D都是不正确的。

　　注：and与as well as在连接两者的平行时可以互换，但as well as不可以连接三者或三者以上的平行结构。

　　7. The psychologist states that most people want the same things: interesting and meaningful work, respect, and to have them be loved for themselves alone.

　　(A) interesting and meaningful work, respect, and to have them be loved for themselves alone

　　(B) to have interesting and meaningful work, respect, and loved for themselves alone

　　(D) interesting and meaningful work, respect, and their own love

　　(E) to have interesting and meaningful work, to be respected, and to be loved for themselves alone

　　解析：当出现两个都是平行结构选项时，需要考虑句义、逻辑、搭配等其他细节。该题中D与E都是平行结构：D是三个名词短语的平行，而E是三个不定式短语的平行。关键点在两个平型结构的最后部分their own love与to be loved for themselves alone意义差别比较大，这时需要选择与原句意义最贴近的表达。their own love他们自己的爱;to be loved for themselves alone因为他们自己而被爱;to have them be loved for themselves alone因为他们自己而让他们被爱，可以发现E选项与原句意思最贴近。

　　8. The amount of garbage produced in the United States could be reduced by recycling trash, minimizing packaging, and developing new technology for incinerators and landfills.

　　(A) and developing new technology

　　(B) and if they develop new technology

　　(D) and new technology being developed

　　(E) and if there was new technology

　　解析：由and构成的三个动名词的平行，共同做by的宾语。

　　9. A radio system consists of a means of transforming sounds into electromagnetic waves and of transmitting those waves through space; after this those waves must be transformed back into sounds.

　　(A) waves and of transmitting those waves through space; after this those waves must be transformed

　　(B) waves, transmitting the waves through space, and transforming them

　　(D) waves and of transmitting them through space; after this the waves have to be translated

　　(E) waves, of the transmitting of those waves through space and of translating same

　　解析：由and构成的三个动名词的平行，共同做of的宾语。

　　10. His love of (A) politics led (B) him to volunteer in local campaigns (C) as well as a job (D) in a government office in the state capital. No error (E)

　　解析：由as well as连接的两者之间的平行。可以看出a job与句子前半部分都不能形成平行，所以应该用动词形式to work与to volunteer相平行。

　　三、难点聚焦

　　该语法项目的难点在于两类特殊的平行结构：

　　1. 主语与表语的平行

　　主语与表语的平行是一种非常特别的平行结构：当主语为不定式短语时，表语往往也用不定式短语;当主语为动名词短语时，表语往往也用动名词短语。如：To see is to believe. Seeing is believing. 这两种表达都是正确的，但如果说成to see is believing或者seeing is to believe这就不符合英语的表达习惯，主语与表语无法达成平行。

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句4：To be drawn to these new, rreshing conceptions of teaching is only finding that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher rlection is too great to bridge.

　　例句4的主语为To be drawn to these new, rreshing conceptions of teaching，本质是一个不定式短语，表语为only finding that，本质是一个动名词短语，二者不能平行，所以应该改为不定式短语，以实现主语与表语的平行。

　　2. 并列句的主语平行

　　当两个并列句在表述同一事物的两个方面或两事物相对比时，一般要求两个并列句在结构上平行。

　　如：To turn off lights when out is one way to save energy; to avoid using plastic bags is another.

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句5：Fishing is his favorite hobby, and to collect coins also gives him great pleasure.

　　例句5为and连接的两个并列句，前后都是说他的爱好，所以要实现两句的平行，前句的主语为doing，后句的主语为to do，二者不能实现平行。

　　四、难题透析

　　1. To stand in (A) Persepolis in modern Iran and look out, as Darius the First must have done (B), at the immense sweep of fields and mountains (C) is grasping (D) the vastness of the ancient Persian Empire. No error (E)

　　解析：该句是主系表结构，考察主语与表语不平行。

　　2. All species of sea turtles are endangered because of overharvesting of adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats.

　　(A) of overharvesting of adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats

　　(B) of the adults being overharvested, their eggs disturbed, and destroying nesting habitats

　　(D) the adults are overharvested, their eggs are disturbed, and their nesting habitats are destroyed

　　(E) being overharvested as adults, their eggs being disturbed, and destruction of nesting habitats

　　解析：该题考查的是句子的平行。

　　3. To claim that an advertisement persuades whomever one (A) wants it (B) to persuade is often discounting (C) the intelligence and even (D) the aptitude of an audience. No error (E)

　　解析：该句是主系表结构，考察主语与表语不平行。

　　4. Once the week of final exams arrived (A), Brian needed to read several history chapters, to study and prepare (B) himself (C) for a biology test, and he should (D) revise his paper on Shakespeare. No error (E)

　　解析：不定式的平行结构to do and to do，后面的to是可以省略的。

　　5. The famous battle depicted in the film Brave heart took place in northern England, and many people assume that it was the Scottish Highlands.

　　A) and many people assume that it was

　　B) many people assume

　　C) but many people assume it to be

　　D) not what many people assume

　　E) not, as many people assume, in

　　解析：隐含的平行结构，not…but…，平行的应该是一组介词短语，not in the Scottish Highlands but in northern England.

SAT语法要点之平行结构真题再现难点聚焦难题透析

　　平行结构考点小结

　　→相关式连接词构成平行结构

　　→单一式连接词构成平行结构

　　→句子的平行

　　一、考点详解

　　1. 相关式连接词构成平行结构

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句1：A healthy economy can be measured not only by the growth of business but it has a psychological fect on people.

　　2. 单一式连接词构成平行结构

　　①三者或三者以上的平行(and, or, but)

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句2：The high school graduate, if he is eighteen or nineteen, has these alternatives: attending college, finding a job, or to join the army.

　　I like to be up first in my own castle, to wake the cook myself, to shave while he boils the kettle and then to call the rest of my family with a warm cup of coffee.

　　该句中有多组不定式短语形成平行结构，如果其中某一个错误，很容易发现。

　　②两者的平行(and, or, but, as well as, other than, instead of)

　　请阅读以下例句，找出其中错误。

　　例句3：Knowing how to study and to learn how to budget time are important for students.

　　3. 句子的平行

　　①But in a large sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. (The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln)

　　(I Have a Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr.)

　　③Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them.

　　(Of Studies: Francis Bacon)

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