2017-07-18 195阅读
摘要:目前正值美国大学提前申请轮次的申请高峰期,不仅是国际学生,美国本土学生也在紧锣密鼓地准备申请。从文书的角度来说,真正打动人心的Essay自然不分国界。而从另一个方面来说,不论是国际课程学生还是美国本土学生,某些Essay写作误区也是相通的。美国媒体USA Today总结了8大令招生官反感的Essay写作习惯,各位同学可以做个参考,有则改之无则加勉,争取写出最令人满意的Essay为自己的申请加分。
目前正值美国大学提前申请轮次的申请高峰期,不仅是国际学生,美国本土学生也在紧锣密鼓地准备申请。从文书的角度来说,真正打动人心的Essay自然不分国界。而从另一个方面来说,不论是国际课程学生还是美国本土学生,某些Essay写作误区也是相通的。美国媒体USA Today总结了8大令招生官反感的Essay写作习惯,各位同学可以做个参考,有则改之无则加勉,争取写出最令人满意的Essay为自己的申请加分。
8大令招生官反感的Essay写作习惯1游离于指定主题之外
为了展现自己的聪明才智,有些申请人在写作Essay时只是对指定的话题浅尝辄止,同时花费大量笔墨在自己更加偏爱的内容上。这样的策略看似既跟指定主题相关又展示了自己的长处,可是招生官会觉得这样的Essay内容不够集中,甚至还会觉得申请人颇为自负。因此,在写作Essay时一定要紧扣指定主题,并通过相关来实例来展现个性。
2滥用第二人称除了直接引用其他人说的话之外,第二人称用词“you”是不应该出现在你的Essay中的。在你的文章中,应该着重强调的是你自己的经历以及这些经历对你的影响。
3刻意使用一些自己不常用的高级词汇众所周知,在准备大学申请的过程中,学生们往往会在标准化考试的推动下记忆大量的高级词汇。不过,仅仅是知道某个单词的含义不代表能够将该单词既贴切又自然的运用在写作中。一味追求高大上的词汇有可能会导致最后的Essay成品生涩绕口,反而得不偿失。
4高估自己通过文字展现幽默的能力如果你翻看市面上的各种经典Essay案例的书籍,你会发现这其中确实有不少文章有着“令招生官开怀一笑”的优秀品质。如果你也是这样的天生有着幽默细胞的人,那么记得将你的幽默气息展现在你的Essay中。然而,如果你只是为了显得幽默而把一些蹩脚的笑话生拉硬拽到你的Essay中,这显然不是明智的举动。
5过于笼统在整个Essay写作的过程中,要时刻牢记“meaning”和“significance”这两个词。对于招生官来说,他们希望通过你的Essay来了解你会通过怎样的方式来给我们的世界带来变化。因此你的文章不应仅仅停留在笼统的层面,而是应该包含非常具体的内容,这样才能让招生官感知到你是一个成熟并且有洞察力的个体。
6在争议性问题上过于发散对于一些有争议性的问题,不同的人可能有不同看法,这也是人之常情。一个人对争议性问题的看法往往能够很好的映射出他的批判性思维能力。如果你能够将某些争议性的看法很好的融入到你的Essay中,这自然很有益处。然而,在涉及争议性问题时,除非你所要表达和具体阐述的观点与指定主题以及你的个人经历密切相关,否则会给招生官一种冗余的感觉。
7在一篇Essay中试图塞入太多的信息无论某所学校对于申请Essay有没有字数限制,把过多的信息和想法硬塞到一篇Essay中都不是明智之举。在最理想的状况下,一篇优秀的Essay应该是在充分利用指定篇幅的同时,讲述一个有意义的故事。不过,这并不代表将你的Essay写成一篇小说。招生官们也不会喜欢单纯列举各种活动的流水账。也就是说,你需要在内容选择上花心思——通过最有特点的内容来展现你的个性特征。
8匆忙提交Essay慢工出细活,这是亘古不变的道理。另外,一篇通过长时间打磨的Essay也是对招生官的尊重。如果你自己都只是草草了事,那么还有什么理由期待招生官能够花很长的时间来阅读你的Essay呢?Essay的内容确实能够传递一些关于你自己的信息,同样的,一篇精雕细琢的Essay本身也是你的态度和行为方式的反映。而对于已经“阅Essay无数”的招生官们来说,无论是前一种有形信息,还是后一种无形信息,他们都能够接收得到。
如果说Why Essay听起来有些陌生,那么大学申请文书中的supplement想必经常见了,其实这就是所谓的why essay,大致上问学生“你为什么想来我们这所学校?” “我们这里哪里吸引你?”等等。这种问题用于区分学生是否真的对这所学校有passion或者fit。 要回答好这类问题,申请者必须展现出对学校的了解,学校文化/氛围的认可,和对自己未来展望的认知。
通过各种渠道去了解这个学校的特色,比如大学官网、usnews、Princeton review、unigo、 之前的校友,或者学校的巡展活动。找出这个学校吸引你的地方,不论大小都可以。
一般情况下,当申请者写到why essay 的时候应该已经到了申请中期,也通过头脑风暴或自我反思在一定程度上了解了自己。如果没有的话,花几分钟时间回顾一下过往活动,起码得知道自己的性格、学术上的长处短板在哪里。
当申请者挖掘出那么一、两个吸引点后,要学会透过表面看事情本质。因为学校的特色和申请者不可能有直接关系,但是这个特色代表的意义可能和申请者自己的追求不谋而合,就会形成一个fit。
例如威斯康辛麦迪逊分校的工程学院标出他们已经连续6年每年都出产超过100个专利。申请者当然不能说这100个专利和自己有什么关系,因为大部分的申请者不可能有自己的专利,而且就算有也和威斯康辛的100个专利无关。但是透过威斯康辛骄傲的标出自己100个专利出产可以总结出,这个学校特别专注实验和实践。相信“实验”和“实践”这两个特色是很容易和学生自己产生共鸣的吧。同时,当申请者已经把本质挖掘到这个地步,写出来的内容也不会是泛泛而谈的。
证明不能只靠说的。当前三步骤做完后,就剩一篇有力度的文章去证明申请者的fit了。这里,每个申请者都有自己的风格和习惯。
最后说说大家常犯的6种错误
1. 写文书的时候请尽可能地使用active voice而不是passive voice, 这样语言更直接、简洁、清晰。
“The active voice (stating the subject that performs the action, like “My friend asked me…”)instead of the passive voice (not stating who the action was performed by, like“I was asked…”) will usually allow you to be more concise and clear. ”
2. 写正式文书的时候记得少用缩写
“Try to stay away from contractions (for example: use “I am” instead of “I’m”) and abbreviations in order to preservethe formality of your essay. These aren’t difficult edits to make; you’ll have a much more professional personal statement afterwards. ”
3. 不要啰嗦,去除对读者来说无关的信息。(师父~求你不要再碎碎念啦!)
“One of the common errors is wordiness, and you can try to pay attention to this by asking yourself (a) is it necessary to have certain words,or can one word capture the meaning of two/three words, and (b) is it necessary to have certain phrases, because some of these phrases, while sounding nice, do not contribute significantly to your essay. ”
4. 避免使用不恰当的SAT词汇或罕见词汇,会造成读者阅读不流畅。
“I suggest that you don’t overuse or use too much SAT vocabulary in your essay, because thenit will not sound natural. However, try to incorporate more fective vocabulary when you can.”
5. 避免运用过多对话或引用很多书或影视中的句子,这会让读者感觉作者的想法和声音被埋没了。
“You have too much dialogue in your essay. Using quotes may be a goodway to catch the reader's attention. However, using it too much make it looklike you are not capable of fectively expressing your ideas in words, because you are borrowing other people’s words by using directquotes. Use one-two quotes and eliminate the rest by explaining them in words. ”
6. 不要假设读者明白你在说什么,从读者的角度出发去考虑你的表达方式。
“Avoid broad generalizations and vague rerences. Remember that the reader isn’t one of your friends; heor she won’t know very much about your life. Forexample, explain the particular physics term, the reason why you enjoy readingand writing, or how you gained your courage in overcoming illness. ”
如何写出美国人心目中的好文书?你需要学好这16条
1.慎用美式英语中一些含有否定意义的词汇
Be carul of using words that have a negative meaning in American English. The word “propaganda,” for example, means something like “government-controlled brainwashing” in the US. (Your best choice is to use the words “marketing” or“publicity” if you want to indicate that you organized a campaign to raise awareness of a certain problem.)
Likewise, in the US we do not use the words“cripple” and “retarded”; we use “handicapped” (or even better, “disabled”) and“developmentally disabled” or “mentally challenged.” We don’t call old people“old people”—we call them “elders” or “the elderly.” And we prer “businessperson” or “business professional” to “businessman.”
慎用美式英语中一些含有否定意义的词汇。例如,“propaganda”这个词在美国就有点“政府洗脑式”的宣传的意思了。(如果你想要表达你发起一项运动来提高人们对于某一问题的认识的话,最好选用“marketing”或是“publicity”。)同样的,在美国,我们也不会用“cripple”或者是“retarded”之类的词,取而代之的是“handicapped”(disabled更好)以及“developmentally disabled”或“mentally disabled”。我们在称呼老人时也不直接用“old people”,而是用“elders”或是“the elderly”。我们也不经常用“businessman”,而是用“businessperson”或“business professional ”。
2.变换句子的长短
Vary the length of the sentences in your essay. If you have written several long sentences in a row, insert a short sentence to give the reader a break. Variety in your sentences will make your essay easier to read (and thus more memorable).
It also demonstrates that you have a superior command of the English language. And don’t be afraid of including a one-sentence paragraph. Aone-sentence paragraph (especially at the beginning or end of your essay) will be very dramatic and grab the reader’s attention.
变换句子的长短。如果你已经连续用了几个长句,那么插入一个短句能给读者一个停顿的时间。句式多样化能够使你的短文更容易懂,因而也更容易让人记住。这样的句式变换也证明你的英语语言掌握的比较好。同时不要害怕运用一句式段落。一句式段落,(尤其是在短文的开头结尾)会很出彩,也会吸引读者的注意力。
3.不要试图费力地运用一些特别长的句子或者特别大的词汇
If English is your second language,don’t try to make it hard on yourself by writing really long sentences and using large vocabulary words. (Don’t say “internationalization”; just say“international.”
Why use “metropolis” when you can just use “city”?) Remember that the readers are not hoping to be impressed by your vocabulary—they want tobe impressed by your story.
如果英语是你的第二语言,那么不要试图费力地运用一些特别长的句子或者特别大的词汇。(不要用“internationalization”,用“international”就好了。另外,如果你可以用“city”,为什么要用“metropolis”呢?)记住,读者并不希望被你的词汇打动,而是被你的故事所打动。
4.对自己研究过的项目进行详细说明
If you are applying to graduate school, your personal statement will need to include detailed evidence of your research. For example, if you are applying toa graduate program in biology, your PS should include specific deions of experiences you have had, such as research projects, internships, work in biological laboratories, and such.
The other key elements for graduate study applications are what you want to study, the field you are interested in, the background you have, why you have chosen this particular program, and your plans after graduation.
如果你正在申请研究生院校,那么你的个人简历就需要包括你研究项目的一些详细的说明。例如,如果你正在申请生物专业的研究生项目,那么你的个人简历就需要对你的研究经历进行详细的描述,比如你的研究项目,实习经历,以及在生物实验这方面的工作等等。研究生学习申请的其他的一些关键因素还包括:你想要研究什么,你对哪一个领域感兴趣,你的个人背景,选择这一研究项目的原因以及毕业后的打算。
5.避免运用一些不恰当的理由
Avoid using inappropriate reasons for why a particular college is attractive to you. (I have actually seen essays where the applicant described how much he “loved” the University of Chicago and wanted to date her, and another where the applicant wrote that NYU was attractive because she just loved the color purple on theNYU website.) You must read the website carully to discover specific programs, activities, curricula, distinguished professors (and the like) that you can point to and say, “THIS is why I want to go to University X.”
在说明某所大学为何对你有吸引力时,避免运用一些不恰当的理由。(曾经看过申请者在短文中描述自己是如何如何热爱芝加哥大学,并想要和它约会的,而另一个人则在短文中说纽约大学吸引她仅仅是因为她喜欢纽约大学网站上的紫色)。你必须仔细浏览学校官方网站,以便发现一些具体的项目、活动、课程,以及著名的教授,诸如此类的,然后你就可以在短文中指出这就是你想要去XX大学的原因。
6.不要只在短文中陈述学校多么好
Do not tell the school how good it is. “I want to attend the prestigiousUniversity X because it is a top US college with an international reputation,”just sounds insincere.
不要只在短文中陈述学校多么好。“我想要申请著名的XX大学,因为它是美国一所顶尖的大学,在国际上都享有盛誉。”这样说的话会显得不真诚。
7.吸引读者的眼球
Catch the reader’s attention in the first sentence of your essay by writing something dramatic or humorous. In one excellent essay I read, the applicant (hoping to major in entomology), wrote this: “Ahhhh! There are bugs in the shampoo!"Doesn't that make you want to read more? (He then went on to describe how his mother had found one of his “science experiments” involving insects, and how experiences like this made him want to study entomology.)
在短文的开头写一些富有戏剧性的或者是幽默的东西,以吸引读者的眼球。曾有一篇优秀的短文,申请人想要修昆虫学专业,开头他是这样写的:“啊,洗发露里竟然有虫子!读完,难道你不会想要继续读下去吗?(接下来他又描述了他的母亲如何发现了他的一次昆虫“科学实验”,以及这些经历是怎样使他最终想要研究昆虫学的。)
8.首尾呼应
If you start with a story, you can end with some rerence to the same story. (Our entomology student, for example, could then mention his mother’s shock again in his last paragraph.)
如果你是以一个故事开头的,那么你可以在结尾的时候再提一下这个故事,所谓“点题”(例如,这位昆虫学的学生在最后一段再次提到他的母亲对他这些行为有多震惊。)
9.恰当的引用能够大大增强文章的可信度。
Well-chosen quotations can add powerful credibility to your essay. All you need to do is decide what the key concept of your essay is (such as strength, honor, or patience)and then use the internet to find quotations that use any of these keywords.The best quotations come from persons who are well-known to both Chinese andAmerican readers, and they must be admirable persons. (Past American andChinese presidents are good examples.) The quote should be short, about one powerful sentence in length. Including a striking quotation in your essay is particularly persuasive if you are applying to a humanities program or want to be an English major, as it demonstrates the breadth of your reading.
恰当的引用能够大大增强文章的可信度。而你需要做的就是选定你的文章所要表达的关键点,(比如说个人特长,获得的荣誉,或者是参加的实践活动等等),然后再根据这些关键词在网上搜索有关这方面的引文。最好的引文是出自那些在中国和美国读者中都比较有名并且令人敬佩的人。(前任美国总统,中国主席这些都是比较好的例子。)引文最好简短有力,大概一句那么长。如果你想要申请人文学科项目或者是想要学英语专业,那么这样漂亮的引文会使文章非常有说服力的,因为这样的引用可以证明你阅读广泛。
10.突出自己的个性
Your purpose in writing your essay is to come across as a unique individual, one who stands out from all the other applicants and one whose writing style is lively, fresh, and different. For undergraduate essays, the personal details of your life and the struggles you have had to overcome will make good stories. Good stories are memorable. You don’t have to be a perfect person; indeed, it may be that any “flaws” you have will convince the reader that you are a muti-faceted person who learns from your mistakes. These flaws don’t have to be terrible:You can describe the time that you made complete a fool of yourself bore your friends. (Americans call this the “My most embarrassing moment” essay.) Then tell the reader what you learned from this experience.
你的写作目的是为了突出你是一个独特的个体,一个在众多申请者中脱颖而出的人,而你的写作风格也应是生动活泼,新颖清新,与众不同的。对于本科生的文书写作来说,你的个人的生活经历以及奋斗历程都会成为比较好的故事素材。好的故事一定是令人印象深刻的。当然你不必是一个非常完美的人,相反恰恰是这些缺点会使读者相信你是多面的,你是能够从错误中吸取教训的。这些缺点不必是一些特别严重的:你可以描述你在朋友面前出糗的一次经历(美国称这类的文章为“我最尴尬时刻”类文章)。然后再告诉读者你从这次经历中学到了什么。
11.尽可能使你的文章具体一些
Always try to make your writing as “concrete” as possible, meaning that you provide specific examples (or stories) to support your main points. Instead of just writing, for example, “I spent two months doing chemistry research,” describe the nature of that research, what process you used, and what it taught you. Depth is more important than breadth.
The reader will be more impressed by specific details about ONE of your experiences then a list of twenty experiences. (Save the list of experiences for your resume.)
尽可能使你的文章具体一些,这就意味着你要提供一些具体的事例或故事来支撑你的主要观点。例如,不要只是写“我做过两个月的化学研究”,而是应该详细地描述一下这次研究的性质,采用的方法,以及你收获了什么。文章的深度比广度更重要。比起罗列一堆你的个人经历,你的某一次经历中的一些细节更能打动读者(你可以把这些经历用在简历上)。
12.陈述你的宗教信仰也是完全可以的
It is perfectly all right to describe your particular religion in an undergraduate essay. Readers in the US come from many different religious backgrounds and the admission officers will most likely be broad-minded and tolerant. The main thing is not to try and “convert” the reader—you simply want to show how being a Buddhist (or a Catholic, or a Christian, or whatever) has had a profound impact on your life.
本科文书中陈述你的宗教信仰也是完全可以的。美国读者大都来自不同的宗教背景并且学校招生人员也都是心胸比较宽广的人。但不必试图改变读者的宗教信仰,你只需说明作为一名佛教徒(或者是天主教徒、基督徒等等)给你带来了怎样重大的影响。
13.RL写作要点:
A rerence letter (or letter of recommendation) should be no longer than one page. The basic format for the first paragraph is to state how long you have known the student and what general attributes this student exhibits (knowledgeable, dedicated, persistent,etc.) that make you honored/delighted/proud to recommend him or her. Each body paragraph should describe in detail each of the general attributes you mentioned in the first paragraph. The last paragraph then simply concludes with something like, “I believe that student so-and-so will be an asset to your esteemed institution and thus I give her my highest recommendation. If you have any questions, please contact me.”
一封推荐信最好不要超过一页。第一段的基本格式是陈述一下你和学生认识多久了,他身上大体是哪些品质(是知识渊博,还是专注投入,还是坚持不懈等这些)使你对于能够推荐他深感骄傲自豪。接下来的每一段就要详细地陈述你第一段中提到的他的那些品质了。最后一段就可以简单地总结一下,你可以这样说,“基于学生的这些表现我相信该学生一定会为贵学校做出贡献,这也是我极力推荐他的原因。如果您有什么问题请及时联系我。”
14.避免在推荐信中提到申请者的外貌
Avoid describing any of the student’s physical attributes. Readers in the US become very uncomfortable when they read that the applicant is “a lovely young girl” or a“strong handsome boy. (Admission officers are not allowed to evaluate you based on what you look like.)
避免在推荐信中描述任何有关申请者的身体特征。如果美国的读者读到说申请者是一个“年轻漂亮的女孩”,或者是一个“相貌英俊,身体强壮的男孩”时,他们会感到很不舒服。(学校那边也是不允许招生办人员根据长相来评估一个学生的。)
15.推荐信中不要含有负面信息
Do not include negative information in a letter of recommendation. Describe onlythe applicant’s successes, not failures.
推荐信中不要包含一些负面信息。只需描述他们的成功,而非那些失败。
16.CV写作要点:干净简单
Resumes need to be very clean, clear, simple, and elegant. Do not include fancy fonts or distracting wingdings for bullets. Be sure that your main headings stand out from the text by putting them in bold, or italics, or a larger font size. You want whoever reads your resume to be impressed by your achievements and accomplishments, not by your graphic design abilities.
简历要干净简单,清晰明了,行文优美。不要出现一些花哨的字体或分散人注意力的字体。你可以通过加粗,倾斜,或者放大字体的方式,确保你的大标题和你的正文区别开来。因为你想要给读者留下深刻印象的是你取得的成就和成果,而非你的图文设计能力。
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