ACT科学推理部分试题解析.

2017-08-13 作者： 290阅读

下面是ACT科学推理部分的样题，对ACT科学推理部分的题目，应对策略主要是审题，确定研究对象(以便排除与研究对象无关的干扰选项)；分析研究对象之间的关系，掌握科学的研究分析原则。

Passage IV Three studies were conducted to examine the relation shop between ants and acacia trees they inhabit. 解题的第一步首先是审题。第一步就是要读最前边的一段论述性文字，在这一步骤中，重点关注这篇文章的主体，也就是主要研究对象，这里当然也就是ants and acacia trees they inhabit。以下每个实验研究的介绍处理方法一样，扫读，重点关注其分别的次级研究对象就足够了。强调一点，次级研究对象一定是紧密围绕着主要研究对象的。以上就是我们对审题的要求。 Study 1 Table 1 shows the results of a comparison between a species of acacia tree that is inhabited by ants (ant trees) and a species that is not inhabited by ants (non-ant trees).

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Table 1
Ant trees	Non-ant trees
Leaves	bitter-tasting chemicals absent protein-bodies present	bitter-tasting chemicals present protein-bodies absent
Thorns	specialized hollow thorns on stems	no specialized thorns
Ants	specific ant species living in thorns	no ants living on trees
Exrafloral nectaries	present	absent
Trunk	surrounded by bare ground	surrounded by many other plants
﹡Nectar-producing (sugar-producing) structures located outside the flowers

Study 2 Table 2 shows the results of a comparison between acacia ant and a closely related ant species that does not inhabit acacia trees.

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Table 2
Acacia ants	Non-acacia ants
Aggressiveness	very aggressive	very aggressive
Active periods	active day and night	active during daylight only
Diet	protein-bodies nectar	do not eat living plants
Nest site	only in the thorns of ant trees	in the ground

Study 3 Acacia trees were divided into three groups. Acacia ants were removed from the trees in group A, but were lt on the trees in Group B. Group C consisted of a species of non-ant acacia tree. All the trees were initially healthy and of similar size, the number of trees still alive in each group 300 days after the start of the study is shown in Table 3

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Table 3
Group A		Group B		Group C
Day	alive	dead	alive	dead	alive	dead
1 300	38 10	0 28	39 28	0 11	40 30	0 10

Trees in Group A were killed by plant-eating insects and large mammals that ate the leaves on lower branches. There was no evidence that trees in Groups B and C were killed by grazing animals. ACT考试样题#e# � 18. How is the designs of study 1 different from the design of study 2? F. In study 1, acacia ants were removed from acacia trees, but not in Study 2. G. in study 1, plant characteristics were examined, while in Study 2, ant characteristics were examined. H. In study 1, acacia ants were examined, while in Study 2, non-acacia ants were examined. J. In study 2, ant characteristics were examined, while in Study 2, plant characteristics were examined. 第一道题目往往比较简单，笔者在教学中也推荐学生首先处理第一题。这里我们看到题目问的是Study1和2比较起来有什么不同？如果Study1和2的介绍和表格的内容来看，不同点有很多，那到底题目要求的不同点应该是那个呢？当然，问到实验设计的不同，一定是问的实验的目的和方法不同，这里也就是问其研究对象的不同，其他的差异，诸如实验结果，实验数据的差异不是题目的要求。那么这里，很明显答案是（G.） 19. On the basis of the experimental results, one can generalize that which of the following characteristics protects non-ant acacias from being eaten by insects or grazing animals? A. Bitter-tasting chemicals B. Protein bodies C. Extrafloral nectaries D. Specialized hollow thorns 19题，问是什么使non-ant acacias免于动物的啃噬，经过观察表格发现，B.C.D.选项，在non-ant acacias上都不曾出现，那么它们必然不能是造成这一现象的原因，正确答案是（A.）Bitter-tasting chemicals

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bitter-tasting chemicals present protein-bodies absent

no specialized thorns

absent

20. From the results of Study 2 the researchers would hypothesize that the ground surrounding the ant acacia trees was bare of vegetation because the: F. acacia ants killed the plants growing near the ant acacia trees. G. acacia ants killed the plants growing near the non-ant acacia trees. H. non-acacia ants killed the plants growing near the non-ant acacia trees. J. non-acacia ants killed the ant acacia trees. 这一题，问是推测可能是什么原因造成了ant acacia trees四周没有其他植物的现象，审题时关注的研究对象是ant acacia trees，那么大胆地判断，与之无关的选项必然都是错误的，都是答非所问的。直接可以排除G.H.J.,正确答案为（F.），可能是acacia ant对ant acacia trees周围的植被起到了致命的影响，acacia ant同样是研究对象之间最大的差异，当然研究中首当其冲地会被怀疑是造成这一现象的原因。这里也体现了研究中的一个原则，即结果的差异一定是条件的差异造成的，只有存在差异的条件才可能导致结果的不同，简而言之，就是差异必然源于差异，但是差异不一定导致差异。 ACT科学考试#e# � 21. Can any conclusions about the relationship between plants and insects be drawn from the observations made on acacias and ants? A. Yes; the behavior of different insect species toward plants seems to be the same. B. Yes; some plants apparently provide shelter for the insects that protect them. C. No; plants apparently have the same species of insects living on them. D. No; insects are rarely associated with plants. 这道题目的研究对象是the relationship between plants and insects，那么回归文中提供的信息，一定是study 3提供给了我们根据，因为只有study 3的研究对象同时包含plants和insects。分析table 3: Group A, 本来与ant trees在失去了ant后，出现大量的死亡；Group B中ant trees在于ant共存的时候，死亡数量不多；得出结论，对于ant trees而言，ant trees能否生存和ant有很大的关系；而Group C中，non-ant trees没有ant仍然存活率较高；说明没有和ant形成共生关系的trees的存活情况则并不依赖ant. 那么观察选项，发现A.C.中存在same的字眼，基于观察到的各种差异性，这两个选项必然是不对的，而D.选型则是rarely associated，无关，这显然也不对。正确答案选择（B.）根据20.题中的原则：差异源于差异，这里不难分析，一旦trees上出现了ant之后，它要生存就离不开ant了，同样，ant也需要植物给它提供生存的条件，如食物等；植物(trees)和昆虫(insects)之间形成了所谓的共生关系（symbiosis），即彼此依存的关系，正是正确答案（B.）的内容。 22. Researchers removed all the insects from a tree that is different from the acacia. A comparison showed that few leaves were eaten both bore and after removal of the insects. Which of the following conclusions about the insects and the tree best explains these results? A. The leaves were protected from grazing by some factor other than the insects. B. Numerous vines grew over the tree and covered the leaves and stems. C. The tree was unable to dend its leaves from attacks by grazing animals. D. Aggressive insects attacked any potential grazers on the leaves of this tree. 这道题目中，经过对研究对象的把握和分析发现，研究对象是除了ant之外的其他昆虫和被吃掉的树叶，结果发现，其他昆虫的存在与否，不影响最后的结果，就是几乎没有树叶被吃掉。那么直接可以得出正确答案（F.）与此同时，G.H.J的研究对象对于题目无关，故排除。这道题同时也验证了20.题中给出的原则：结果的差异一定是条件的差异造成的，只有存在差异的条件才可能导致结果的不同；差异必然源于差异，但是差异不一定导致差异。 23. Which of the following conclusions about the function of protein bodies and extrafloral nectaries would be consistent with the results of the studies? A. Protein bodies are used to deter grazing animals, while extrafloral nectaries are used as a food source by acacia ants. B. Extrafloral nectaries are used to deter grazing animals, while protein bodies are used as a food source by acacia ants. C. Both protein bodies and extrafloral nectaries are used to deter grazing animals. D. Both protein bodies and extrafloral nectaries are used as food sources by acacia ants. 根据题目的研究对象protein和nectar，根据只能在study 1和study 2当中，因此选项A.B.C.都涉及了deter grazing animals，这是只有study 3才涉及的，明显的跨区选项，是study 1和2当中没有的信息，故排除。正确答案（A.）根据表格2内容

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Diet

protein-bodies nectar

很容易得出结论（A.）

以上就是ACT科学推理部分的样题，观察选项、找到突破口是ACT科学推理部分题目的最终解题方法，大家通过这些样题应该掌握一定的解题思路，再做练习的时候就会轻松很多。

ACT科学推理部分试题解析ACT科学推理部分试题解析ACT科学推理部分试题解析

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Table 1
Ant trees	Non-ant trees
Leaves	bitter-tasting chemicals absent protein-bodies present	bitter-tasting chemicals present protein-bodies absent
Thorns	specialized hollow thorns on stems	no specialized thorns
Ants	specific ant species living in thorns	no ants living on trees
Exrafloral nectaries	present	absent
Trunk	surrounded by bare ground	surrounded by many other plants
﹡Nectar-producing (sugar-producing) structures located outside the flowers

Study 2 Table 2 shows the results of a comparison between acacia ant and a closely related ant species that does not inhabit acacia trees.

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Table 2
Acacia ants	Non-acacia ants
Aggressiveness	very aggressive	very aggressive
Active periods	active day and night	active during daylight only
Diet	protein-bodies nectar	do not eat living plants
Nest site	only in the thorns of ant trees	in the ground