GMAT语法：题目分类及解析.

2017-08-10 作者： 244阅读

　　GMAT考试中，以下四种类型题目占代词考题的近90%，以下对代词考题进行分类并给出解析，解析中重点强调代词考点，但对于没有涉及到代词的选项，也会进行详细阐述。与此同时，题目解析将严格遵守代词做题步骤图解中的步骤，待考生养成笔者强调的做题步骤，考生们将发现代词考点so easy。今天澳际留学先为大家介绍GMAT语法的一种题型：代词指代歧义。更多相关问题可咨询澳际留学在线专家，如果有任何意见和建议，也请联系我们。

　　(一)代词指代歧义/错误例题

　　1、The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with a dream experience.

　　A. contact with it directly with

　　B. direct contact with it by way of

　　C. contact with the last directly through

　　D. direct contact with the latter by means of

　　E. contact directly with the mystical level due to

　　题干结构：Quechuans believed that SVO

　　语义理解：克丘亚人认为，万物都是

　　做题步骤分析：①首先找划线部分it的先行词，发现有先行词;②根据语义及单复数一致，排除Quechans, all things，但前半句仍有两个单数词语都可以被指代：the material level 和 the mystical level，产生歧义

　　选项分析：

　　A. it指代歧义

　　B. it指代歧义

　　C. 两者之间的后者用latter而不是last

　　D. 正确

　　E. 通过何种方式，可以用by means of/ through等，但不可以用due to，due to表示原因

　　2、Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent.

　　A. while in Germany it is just over 33 percent

　　B. compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent

　　C. whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany

　　D. whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany

　　E. compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent

　　题干结构：over 75 percent of the energy ...derives from...., whereas over 33 percent of the energy comes from....

　　语义理解：法国75%的能源来源于核能，德国核能占了总能源的33%。

　　做题步骤分析：①首先找划线部分it 的先行词，前面有两个单数名词，over 75 percent of the energy 和 nuclear power;②在代词使用原则中提及：做主语的代词优先指代主语，因此it优先指代over 75 percent of the energy;③进行最后一步的检验：逻辑语义。把75 percent of the energy带入划线部分句子替代it后，发现逻辑语义是错误的，因此 it在此处用法错误。

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　　选项分析：

　　A.it指代错误

　　B.compared to 作为定语，优先指代在它前面的词语，前面的词语为nuclear power，带入语义逻辑错误

　　C.正确

　　D.本意in Germany是要修饰整个句子，表示在德国33%的能量来源于核能，但此处in Germany仅仅在修饰核能，表示法国75%来自于核能的能量中，33%来源于德国

　　E.it指代错误，同时compared with与B的错误一致

　　3、In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be two local phone companies and one long-distance provider.

　　A. In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be

　　B. The breakup of the world&aposs largest telephone company, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be

　　C. A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world&aposs largest telephone company, into

　　D. The breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world&aposs largest telephone company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be

　　E. Called for by a government advisory committee, the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company in Japan, the world&aposs largest telephone company, was to be into

　　题干结构：a government advisory committee called for.......

　　语义理解：政府顾问委员会提议把世界上最大的电话公司日本电报电话公司分拆成为两个本地电话公司和一个长途电话供应商。

　　做题步骤分析：①首先找划线部分的it的先行词，前面有两个单数名词，a government advisory committee和the breakup;②在代词使用原则中提及：做主语的代词优先指代主语，因此it优先指代a government advisory committee;③进行最后一步的检验：逻辑语义。把a government advisory committee带入划线部分替代it后，逻辑语义是错误的，因此it在此处用法错误。

　　选项分析：

　　A. it 指代错误

　　B. it指代错误，此处it在休闲指代the breakup，如做题步骤进行分析

　　C. 正确

　　D. 同B

　　E. the world’s largest telephone company是Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company的同位语，应该紧随其后，此处成为Japan的同位语

　　4、In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a metal center, but now it is lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.

　　A. In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a metal center, but now it is

　　B. According to a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition was concentrated in a metal center, but now it is

　　C. Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition is now

　　D. The discus used in track competition, once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, but now

　　E. The discus used in track competition was once designed having its weight concentrated in a metal center and now

　　题干结构：the weight of the discus.........is concentrated in......but now lined with........., thereby improving...........

　　语义理解：用在田径比赛的铁饼的重量曾经被设计集中在中心，现在铁饼和周围的铅并列在一起，提高了飞行的稳定性并导致能飞更长距离。

　　做题步骤分析：①首先找划线部分it的先行词;②在代词使用原则中提及：做主语的代词优先指代主语，因此it优先指代the weight of the discus;③进行最后一步的检验：逻辑语义。把the weight of discus带入划线部分代替it后，逻辑语义是错误的：不能说discus的重量与铅排列在一起，因此it在此处用法错误。

　　选项分析：

　　A. it指代错误

　　B. it指代错误

　　C. 正确

　　D. designed 为定语，紧跟在competition后，错误指代了competition

　　E. having its weight concentrated and now lined with lead，还是在说discus重量在和铅并列在一起

　　5、Competition in the mid-nineteenth century by large western farms gradually caused farmers in Pennsylvania to turn to livestock raising, but bore that it was predominantly grain-producing.

　　A. Competition in the mid-nineteenth century by large western farms gradually caused farmers in Pennsylvania to turn to livestock raising, but bore that it was predominantly grain-producing.

　　B. Once predominantly a grain-producing state, competition in the mid-nineteenth century from large western farms gradually was causing Pennsylvania’s farmers to turn to livestock raising.

　　C. Pennsylvania’s farmers were gradually caused to turn to livestock raising by competition from large western farms in the mid-nineteenth century, but bore that it was predominantly a grain-producing state.

　　D. It was once predominantly grain-producing, but competition in the mid-nineteenth century by large western farms was gradually causing Pennsylvania’s farmers to turn to livestock raising.

　　E. Pennsylvania was once a predominantly grain-producing state, but competition in the mid-nineteenth century from large western farms gradually caused the state’s farmers to turn to livestock raising.

　　题干结构：competition ...caused....., but Pennsylvania was predominantly ....

　　语义理解：宾夕法尼亚州曾经以谷物种植为主，但19世纪中期西方农场的竞争逐步导致农民转向牲畜养殖。

　　做题步骤分析：①首先找划线部分it的先行词;②在代词使用原则中提及：做主语的代词优先指代主语，因此it优先指代competition;③进行最后一步的检验：逻辑语义。把competition带入划线部分代替it后，逻辑语义是错误的，因此it在此处用法错误。

　　选项分析：

　　A. it指代错误，且that用法错误，不能指代前面出现的整个句子

　　B. a grain-producing state做了competition的同位语，错误;且不必要用过去进行时

　　C. 找it的先行词，显然不能是P’s farmers，符合单复数形式、能被it指代的是livestock raising，但带入划线部分替换it发现逻辑错误，因此it用法错误;that错误同A

　　D. It指代错误，同A

　　E. 正确

　　6、Most of the purported health benits of tea comes from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that inhibit the formation of plaque along the body’s blood vessels.

　　A. comes from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C that

　　B. comes from antioxidants—compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

　　C. come from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and

　　D. come from antioxidants—compounds that are also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C and that

　　E. come from antioxidants—compounds also found in beta carotene, vitamin E, and vitamin C, and they

　　题干结构：most of benits come from antioxidants——compounds that......

　　语义理解：茶的大部分好处来自于抗氧化剂——也在胡萝卜素、维他命E、维他命C存在的化合物，它能抑制身体血管中血小板形成。

　　做题步骤分析：查看B选项：①首先找划线部分they的先行词，they与most of health benits并列;②在代词使用原则中提及：做主语的代词优先指代主语，因此they优先指代most of health benits;③进行最后一步检验：逻辑语义。把most of health benits 带入划线部分代替they后，逻辑语义是错误的，是antioxidants inhibit the formation of plaque，因此they在此处用法错误。

　　选项分析：

　　A. that 错误地beta carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C，且句子主语为most of benits需要复数谓语

　　B. they指代错误，且come 需要复数形式

　　C. 第二个and 在并列come from 和inhibit：most of health benits come from.....and inhibit，benits并没有阻止plaque的形成

　　D. 正确

　　E. They指代错误

　　7、Whereas lines of competition are clearly dined in the more established industries, in the Internet industry they are blurred and indistinct, as companies that compete one day may be partners the next.

　　A. Whereas lines of competition are clearly dined in the more established industries, in the Internet industry they are blurred and indistinct, as companies that compete

　　B. Although the lines of competition are clearly dined in industries that are more established, they are blurred and indistinct in the Internet industry, as competing companies

　　C. The lines of competition are clearly dined in the more established industries, unlike the Internet where they are blurred and indistinct, as companies that compete

　　D. Unlike more established industries, where the lines of competition are clearly dined, they are burred and indistinct in the Internet industry, as companies that compete

　　E. Unlike more established industries, with clearly dined lines of competition, those of the Internet industry are blurred and indistinct, as competing companies

　　题干结构：whereas lines of competition are......... the lines of...................

　　语义理解：在更加成熟的行业，行业竞争规则已经被清晰地制定，但在互联网行业，行业竞争规则是模糊并且不直接的，今天一起竞争的企业明天也许会成为伙伴。

　　做题步骤分析：①首先找划线部分they的先行词;②在代词使用原则中提及：做主语的代词优先指代主语，因此they优先指代lines of competition;③进行最后一步检验：逻辑语义。把 lines of competition带入划线部分代替they后，逻辑语义是正确的，因此they使用正确

　　选项分析：

　　A. more established industries，more有同时修饰established和industries的歧义

　　B. 正确

　　C. Unlike前后比较应该使用同种性质的词语

　　D. they在优先指代more established companies，而不是在指代lines of competition，此处where引导的定语从句在两个逗号之间，视为插入，可以忽略。

　　E. those在优先指代more established companies，而不是在指代lines of competition，此处with引导的定语在两个逗号之间，视为插入，可以忽略。

　　引申：

　　在主句中的代词，不优先指代两个逗号之间插入语的内容

　　相关链接：

1.GMAT语法：代词正确使用原则

2.大牛谈GMAT考试怎样拿760：GMAT语法

3.GMAT语法知识点详解（二十一）

GMAT语法：题目分类及解析GMAT语法：题目分类及解析

　　(一)代词指代歧义/错误例题

　　A. contact with it directly with

　　B. direct contact with it by way of

　　C. contact with the last directly through

　　D. direct contact with the latter by means of

　　E. contact directly with the mystical level due to

　　题干结构：Quechuans believed that SVO

　　语义理解：克丘亚人认为，万物都是

　　选项分析：

　　A. it指代歧义

　　B. it指代歧义

　　C. 两者之间的后者用latter而不是last

　　D. 正确

　　E. 通过何种方式，可以用by means of/ through等，但不可以用due to，due to表示原因

　　2、Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent.

　　A. while in Germany it is just over 33 percent

　　B. compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent

　　C. whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany

　　D. whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany

　　E. compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent

　　题干结构：over 75 percent of the energy ...derives from...., whereas over 33 percent of the energy comes from....

　　语义理解：法国75%的能源来源于核能，德国核能占了总能源的33%。

　　选项分析：

　　A.it指代错误

　　B.compared to 作为定语，优先指代在它前面的词语，前面的词语为nuclear power，带入语义逻辑错误

　　C.正确

　　D.本意in Germany是要修饰整个句子，表示在德国33%的能量来源于核能，但此处in Germany仅仅在修饰核能，表示法国75%来自于核能的能量中，33%来源于德国

　　E.it指代错误，同时compared with与B的错误一致

　　A. In Japan, a government advisory committee called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the largest telephone company in the world, so it would be

　　B. The breakup of the world&aposs largest telephone company, Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be

　　C. A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world&aposs largest telephone company, into

　　D. The breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world&aposs largest telephone company, was called for by a government advisory committee in Japan, so it would be

　　E. Called for by a government advisory committee, the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company in Japan, the world&aposs largest telephone company, was to be into

　　题干结构：a government advisory committee called for.......

　　语义理解：政府顾问委员会提议把世界上最大的电话公司日本电报电话公司分拆成为两个本地电话公司和一个长途电话供应商。

　　选项分析：

　　A. it 指代错误

　　B. it指代错误，此处it在休闲指代the breakup，如做题步骤进行分析

　　C. 正确

　　D. 同B

　　E. the world’s largest telephone company是Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company的同位语，应该紧随其后，此处成为Japan的同位语

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