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17.美国少数集体的社工服务要求——文化差异的培训

　　美国minority group无法得到足够的社工服务。因为社工培训中没有将culture difference作为一项培训要求。比如墨西哥人，把家庭啊学习啊墨西哥文化啊什么的看的很重。但是新移民和老移民对culture commit的程度又是不同的。Different ethics groups 对culture的commitment也会vary。

　　18. 对某一历史学家的评述

　　同13

　　19.是谁控制着毛毛虫的生命长度(GWD-13-Q34 -Q37)

　　A small number of the forest

　　species of lepidoptera (moths and

　　butterflies, which exist as caterpillars

　　Line during most of their life cycle) exhibit

　　(5) regularly recurring patterns of popu- 现象：毛虫有循环

　　lation growth and decline—such 的数量变化周期。究

　　fluctuations in population are known 其原因

　　as population cycles. Although many

　　different variables influence popula-

　　(10) tion levels, a regular pattern such as

　　a population cycle seems to imply a

　　dominant, driving force. Identification

　　of that driving force, however, has 旧研究方法：不同捕食

　　proved surprisingly elusive despite 者造成的死亡率。

　　(15) considerable research. The com- -失败。

　　mon approach of studying causes of

　　population cycles by measuring the

　　mortality caused by different agents,

　　such as predatory birds or parasites,

　　(20) has been unproductive in the case of

　　lepidoptera. Moreover, population 旧研究方法：使

　　ecologists’ attempts to alter cycles 毛虫搬家-也失败。

　　by changing the caterpillars’ habitat

　　and by reducing caterpillar popula-

　　(25) tions have not succeeded. In short,

　　the evidence implies that these insect

　　populations, if not self-regulating, may所以一定另有他因。

　　at least be regulated by an agent more

　　intimately connected with the insect than

　　(30) are predatory birds or parasites.老观点及其方法

　　Recent work suggests that this 近期研究发现根源是

　　agent may be a virus. For many 病毒。以前以为病毒只是推years, viral disease had been 波助澜而非罪魁祸首。reported in declining populations

　　(35) of caterpillars, but population ecolo-

　　gists had usually considered viral

　　disease to have contributed to the

　　decline once it was underway rather

　　than to have initiated it. The recent

　　(40) work has been made possible by

　　new techniques of molecular biology

　　that allow viral DNA to be detected

　　at low concentrations in the environ-

　　ment. Nuclear polyhedrosis viruses

　　(45) are hypothesized to be the driving 病毒叫Np。它自身

　　force behind population cycles in 有一个感染周期。先是藏在lepidoptera in part because the 蛋白质晶体里，毛虫吃viruses themselves follow an infec- 晶体，病毒释放，虫死，大

　　tious cycle in which, if protected from量有毒蛋白质晶体又产生

　　(50) direct sun light, they may remain并渗入大地。如此往复。

　　virulent for many years in the envi-

　　ronment, embedded in durable

　　crystals of polyhedrin protein.

　　Once ingested by a caterpillar,

　　(55) the crystals dissolve, releasing

　　the virus to infect the insect’s cells.

　　Late in the course of the infection,

　　millions of new virus particles are

　　formed and enclosed in polyhedrin

　　(60) crystals. These crystals reenter the

　　environment after the insect dies and

　　decomposes, thus becoming avail-

　　able to infect other caterpillars.新观点及其论据

　　One of the attractions of this 支持病毒论，因为

　　(65) hypothesis is its broad applicability.它适用于很多情况。Remarkably, despite significant differ-

　　ences in habitat and behavior, many

　　species of lepidoptera have population

　　cycles of similar length, between eight

　　(70) and eleven years. Nuclear polyhe-

　　drosis viral infection is one factor these

　　disparate species share.

　　1P: population cycle, identify driving force, however, surprising elusive. Common approach unproductive; ecologist’s attempt, not succeed. In short, population regulated by intimated connected with insects. 2P: recent work suggest virus. Contributed to. Recent work made possible by new techniques. NP hypothesized because…

　　3P: attractions of hypothesis is ….

　　--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　GWD-13-Q34:

　　Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s conclusion in lines 25-30?

　　A. New research reveals that the number of species of birds and parasites that prey on lepidoptera has dropped significantly in recent years.支持

　　B. New experiments in which the habitats of lepidoptera are altered in previously untried ways result in the shortening of lepidoptera population cycles.

　　In short, the evidence implies that these insect populations, if not self-regulating, may at least be regulated by an agent more intimately connected with the insect than are predatory birds or parasites.

　　C. Recent experiments have revealed that the nuclear polyhedrosis virus is present in a number of predators and parasites of lepidoptera.支持

　　D. Differences among the habitats of lepidoptera species make it difficult to assess the fects of weather on lepidoptera population cycles.

　　E. Viral disease is typically observed in a large proportion of the lepidoptera population.支持

　　--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　GWD-13-Q35:

　　It can be inferred from the passage that the mortality caused by agents such as predatory birds or parasites was measured in an attempt to

　　A. develop an explanation for the existence of lepidoptera population cycles

　　The common approach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the

　　mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites, has been unproductive in the case of lepidoptera.

　　B. identify behavioral factors in lepidoptera that affect survival rates

　　C. identify possible methods for controlling lepidoptera population growth偏

　　D. provide evidence that lepidoptera populations are self-regulating

　　E. determine the life stages of lepidoptera at which mortality rates are highest

　　--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　GWD-13-Q36:

　　The primary purpose of the passage is to

　　A. describe the development of new techniques that may help to determine the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera新观点中有阐述但不是文章主旨

　　B. present evidence that rutes a particular theory about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera不是文章重心

　　C. present a hypothesis about the driving force behind population cycles in Lepidoptera

　　D. describe the fluctuating patterns of population cycles in Lepidoptera

　　E. question the idea that a single driving force is behind population cycles in lepidoptera

　　--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

　　GWD-13-Q37:

　　According to the passage, bore the discovery of new techniques for detecting viral DNA, population ecologists believed that viral diseases

　　A. were not widely prevalent among insect populations generally

　　B. affected only the caterpillar life stage of Lepidoptera

　　C. were the driving force behind lepidoptera population cycles

　　D. attacked already declining caterpillar populations

　　For many years, viral disease had been reported in declining populations of caterpillars, but population ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributed to the decline once it was underway rather than to have initiated it.

　　E. infected birds and parasites that prey on various species of lepidoptera

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