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11、公司缩小规模的原因

　　考古未确认(等待狗主中)

　　Firms traditionally claim that they downsize (i.e., make permanent personnel cuts) for economic reasons, laying off supposedly unnecessary staff in an attempt to become more ficient and competitive. Organization theory would explain this reasoning as an example of the “economic rationality” that it assumes underlies all organizational activities. There is evidence that firms believe they are behaving rationally whenever they downsize; yet recent research has shown that the actual economic fects of downsizing are often negative for firms. Thus, organization theory cannot adequately explain downsizing; non-economic factors must also be considered. One such factor is the evolution of downsizing into a powerful business myth: managers simply believe that downsizing is ficacious. Moreover, downsizing nowadays is greeted favorably by the business press; the press often rers to soaring stock prices of downsizing firms (even though research shows that stocks usually rise only brily after downsizing and then suffer a prolonged decline). Once viewed as a sign of desperation, downsizing is now viewed as a signal that firms are serious about competing in the global marketplace; such signals are received positively by key actors— financial analysts, consultants, shareholders—who supply firms with vital organizing resources. Thus, even if downsizers do not become economically more ficient, downsizing’s mythic properties give them added prestige in the business community, enhancing their survival prospects.

　　12、水坝

　　讲水坝的。P1说拆除水坝之后有很多的好处，水变清澈了，保护了本地物种的鱼什么(这边有题)，不是重点内容，比较短。

　　P2现在的生物已经适应了有水坝的生态环境，拆除之后又会引发生态问题。最后生态学家提出一种方案，好像是用水管将水坝里的水引到下游。有道题是拆除水坝后，会有什么现象。还有题好像提到native fish and nonnative fish的，水坝还对水温造成影响。 (by 篮子里的幸福)

　　一个讲dam对生态环境的影响，3段，第一段是讲dam会造成水底泥沙沉积，堵塞下水管道;第二段将如果没有dam又会造成外来物种入侵，对本来的生态系统有一些不好的影响;第三段举了一个例子，具体什么忘了。(by godfatherl)

　　13、美国房市政策

　　还有一篇讲美国政府为了刺激房市，推出政策给贷款购房者提供税收优惠，然后经济学家对此进行反驳，一个三个原因：1是这个改变了需求，如果供给不具有弹性，会提高房子的价格;2忘了;3是这个反而会加剧贫富分化什么的，因为这个政策对于高收入的人比对低收入的人更有利(有题，给了5个选项，问你哪种情况符合文中提到的这个概念) (by godfatherl)

　　背景资料以参考文献(感谢superzhaos)

　　At first blush, the mortgage interest income tax deduction seems like a great thing. You get to deduct your mortgage interest from your income. This saves you money and encourages homeownership nationwide (believed to produce positive externalities such as crime reduction, community, etc.).

　　But beneath the surface, the mortgage tax deduction disproportionately benits the wealthy and creates perverse incentives and market distortions that are plainly bad for America. I deal with these issues one by one:

　　(1) Good for the rich: since the US tax code allows the deduction of mortgage interest directly from your income, those that benit the most are those with the most income. The very poor cannot afford to buy a home, so they do not benit at all. Poor homeowners benit very little because they do not pay much in income taxes. But the wealthy receive huge tax breaks from the interest on their jumbo McMansion mortgages.

　　(2) Perverse incentives: because of the huge mortgage interest tax break, high income earners are then encouraged (and subsidized) to buy ever more expensive mansions and borrow even more money through ever larger jumbo mortgages.

　　What to Do Next

　　The rational policy choice would be to eliminate the mortgage tax deduction. The federal government can still encourage homeownership (distinguished from mansion-buying) by instituting a Housing Tax Credit. The credit could be cost-neutral and take the average cost per family of the current deduction, and give that amount out as a tax credit to any family or individual who wishes to purchase a home. A standard credit would make sure that regardless of a family&aposs income they would receive the same nominal incentive. This would provide more incentive for poor people to buy a home (the credit would likely be worth more to them than the current deduction) and waste less taxpayer money on subsidizing the mansions of the wealthy. Moreover, such a policy could potentially spur homeownership among lower-income families which could help us dig our way out of the housing crisis. Let&aposs hope the next president has the foresight to do something about this

　　相关链接：

1.GMAT阅读：长句难句，不容忽视

2.GMAT考试 7月10日更新GMAT阅读机经（三）

3.740分GMAT备战心得：GMAT阅读

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