11月已是瑟瑟寒冬，澳际小编就在这寒冬中为大家吹来一股GMAT机经的暖风，希望大家能感受到这股暖意，并把它化为能量，在GMAT考试的道路上勇往直前。

　　【本月原始】

　　物理距离之类的 physical distance讲的是physical distance什么的，是跟经济相关的，这篇读的不是特别好，可能逻辑有错误，望考古。第一段说了一下这个距离的定义 然后说了一下一般一个公司想向外扩张，会选择这个距离比较近的，因为国情相近吧，比较容易成功。第二段说了个反例。说加拿大的很多公司向外国扩张的时候，扩张到美国的只有22%，很少。因为什么我忘了。。。 by funingfs

　　【考古】

　　【主题思路】：

　　physical distanc，物理距离在公司国际化中的作用

　　【段落大意】：

　　第一段： By budai(770 V44)截取了大牛的回忆，不知道1段还是2段

　　大概就是说企业在进行全球化扩张的时候，会选择 “ph…… distance”近的国家，因为普遍观念认为这样的国家与本国在各方面都很相似，容易成功。比如，加拿大的企业，就比较愿意选择美国(还是反过来，记不太清楚了)。但一个研究取样了加拿大30多个在美国投资的企业，发现成功的很少。(这有题，问想拿加拿大企业的说明什么)。研究发现，之所以很多企业会失败，主要是管理者因为近的“ph…… distance”，就假设两国情况相同，采用在本国内成功的策略，忽略了文化等很多方面的差异。(这也有题，问为什么失败)。最后好像就建议重视差别什么的。

　　【题目】：

　　1)有一道好像问the most difficult part for determing psychi distance,。这个题不太确定，看了一遍选项好像没对的，我选的是based on country difference, rather than regional difference.(现在想，这个应该不对)

　　【疑似原文】：

　　The psychic distance paradox.

　　by Shawna O&aposGrady , Henry W. Lane

　　It has been argued in the international business literature that companies begin the internationalization process in countries that are psychically close bore venturing to more distant countries [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]. If this description is accurate, then Canadian companies would be expected to begin in the United States which is not only the closest but also, in many ways, the most similar country to Canada. Indeed, evidence from the retail industry indicates that firms have followed this pattern.

　　The literature on the internationalization process describes the sequence of market entry that firms follow when internationalizing. This sequence rlects a gradual, learning through experience process. What is not explicit in the literature is why firms follow this pattern. Researchers have suggested that entering countries that are psychically close reduces the level of uncertainty firms face in the new market [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]; and that psychically close countries are easier for companies to learn about [Kogut and Singh 1988]. Such explanations seem logical and implicitly support the conclusion that beginning in psychically close countries should improve a company&aposs chances of success in these markets. Although the literature is not prescriptive, an unstated conclusion can be drawn from it linking sequence of entry to performance. There is an implicit assumption that psychically close countries are more similar, and that similarity is easier for firms to manage than dissimilarity, thereby making it more likely that they will succeed in similar markets.

　　Although sequence of entry is an important consideration, we believe that one limitation of this literature is that it does not address how the perceived psychic distance1 between countries affects the decisionmakers&apos choice of entry or the organization&aposs ultimate performance in the new market. This research presents evidence demonstrating that starting the internationalization process by entering a country psychically close to home may result in poor performance and, possibly, failure. We rer to this as the psychic distance paradox. Instead of psychically close countries being easy to enter and to do business in, we argue that perceived similarity can cause decisionmakers to fail because they do not prepare for the differences. The failure lies in the managerial decisionmaking aspect of the internationalization process, to which international business researchers have not paid enough attention [Johanson and Vahlne 1992]. In addition, even in psychically close countries such as Canada and the United States, there may be significant differences that can affect the ability of managers to conduct business. What appears on the surface to be psychically close may, in reality, be more distant than expected.

　　This research was exploratory in nature and focused on the performance of Canadian retail companies that entered the United States. With the American retail market worth more than $1.5 trillion, there is a very powerful incentive for Canadian retailers to understand how to compete in this market. Consistent with internationalization theory, domestically successful companies entered a country that is not only the closest physically, but probably the most similar country to Canada. However, of the thirty-two Canadian retail companies that entered the United States market, almost 80% failed and only seven (22%) were continuing to function successfully [Evans, Lane and O&aposGrady 1992]. The high failure rate suggests that there may be a paradox, or inherent contradiction, within internationalization theory and the psychic distance concept, and that executives cannot always rely upon measures of psychic distance when making their internationalization decisions.

　　The purpose of this paper is to use the experience of Canadian retailers entering the United States to analyze the psychic distance concept in greater detail and to suggest some possible qualifications that could improve its use in research and practice. First, a summary of the psychic distance concept is presented, as well as the evidence in the literature positioning Canada and the United States as being culturally close. Next, the results from both clinical and questionnaire data show areas in which cultural and business differences manifested themselves, as well as empirical evidence of these cultural differences. Then, the paradox inherent in the psychic distance concept is explored, which explains how the perception of a country as having a small psychic distance from one&aposs own can lead decisionmakers to a number of faulty assumptions, creating an inability to learn about that country. Some recommendations are provided to help companies learn in these situations. Finally, we explore the psychic distance concept in greater depth, and propose some qualifications to it. The results of this study suggest that the psychic distance concept is more complex than is generally recognized in the literature and should be explored more fully.

　　以上就是关于GMAT机经的全部内容，考生朋友可以有选择的看看，最后需要提醒各位的是，GMAT机经虽然会对我们解题有所帮助，但是在考场中即使题目很像也要避免秒选，最后祝大家都能考出好成绩。

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