6.This prerence for exogamy，Gutman suggests， may have derivedfrom　West African rules governing marriage，which，though they differedfrom one tribal group to another，all involved some kind of prohibitionagainst unions with close kin.

　　古特曼表示，这种对于外部通婚的偏爱很有可能缘起于西部非洲制约着婚姻的规定，尽管这些规定在一个和另一个部落群体之间不尽相同，但都涉及到某种对近亲联姻(union with close kin)的禁止。

　　7.His thesis works relatively well when applied to discriminationagainst Blacks in the United States，but his dinition of racialprejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a groupgenerally accepted as a race in any given region of ethniccompetition，" can be interpreted as also including hostility towardsuch ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews inmedieval Europe.

　　该社会学家的命题当被应用于针对美国黑人的歧视时，相对而言尚能适用，但他对种族偏见所下的定义——即“以种族为基础的、针对某个群体的消级的先入之见，而该群体在任何特定的种族竞争地区则被普遍认作一种族”——可被理解成同样也襄括了针对加利福尼亚州的中国人以及中世纪的犹太人这样一些种族群体的敌视态度。

　　8.In large part as a consequence of　the feministmovement，historians have focused a great deal of attention in recentyears on determining more accurately the status of women in　variousperiods.

　　在很大程度上，由于女权主义运动(feminist movement)的缘故，史学家近年来汇聚了大量的注意力，来更为准确地确定妇女在各个历史时期的地位。

　　11.Thus，for instance，it may come as a shock to mathematicians to learnthat the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen atom is not a literallycorrect description of this atom，but only an approximation to asomewhat more correct equation taking account of spin，magneticdipole，and relativistic fects;and that this corrected　equation isitself only an imperfect approximation to an infinite set of　quantumfield-theoretical equations.

　　因此，举例来说，对数学家而言，了解到下述情形可能会令其惊愕不已，即薛定谔(Schrodinger)的氢原子方程式并非是对该原子作出的一种绝然正确的描述，而仅仅是个近似值，趋近于一个在某种程度上更为正确的将自旋、磁性偶极子、以及相对论效应考虑在内的方程式;而这个得以纠正的方程式就其本身而言也只是一个不完美的近似值，趋近于无穷无尽的一整套量子场论方程式。

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