2017年4月27日雅思阅读机经.

2017-08-06 作者： 309阅读

�� 下面是2013年4月27日雅思阅读机经的内容，包括了这次考试涉及到的有钱币的发展，rubber的发展以及blind to change等三篇文章。为了更好的备考雅思阅读考试，我们一起来看看这三篇雅思阅读考题的内容吧。

考试日期：	2013年4月27日
Reading Passage 1
Title:	Odd and Curious Money
Question types:	Matching 多选
文章内容回顾	历史发展类，关于钱币的发展。第一段先从最早的巴比伦说起，第二段提到了中国的刀币，之后提到泰国的tiger bar钱币（其中还提到一开始有用tiger claw当作钱币流通的，后来由于泰国与西方国家经济贸易的需要政府开始推行并大力生产tiger bar钱币），再之后就提到了日本的money tree和tomo什么的钱币，再后来提到某个岛屿用whale teeth做钱币，同时它是身份的象征，首领们把它们穿在项链上，而且只有首领能用。
相关英文原文阅读	Numismatics is the study or collection of currency, including coins, tokens, paper money, and related objects. While numismatists are often characterized as students or collectors of coins, the discipline also includes the broader study of money and other payment media used to resolve debts and the exchange of goods. Early money used by people is rerred to as "Odd and Curious", but the use of other goods in barter exchange is excluded, even where used as a circulating currency (e.g., cigarettes in prison). The Kyrgyz people used horses as the principal currency unit and gave small change in lambskins;[1] the lambskins may be suitable for numismatic study, but the horse is not. Many objects have been used for centuries, such as cowry shells, precious metals and gems. Today, most transactions take place by a form of payment with either inherent, standardized or credit value. Numismatic value may be used to rer to the value in excess of the monetary value conferred by law. This is also known as the "collector value. Economic and historical studies of money&aposs use and development are an integral part of the numismatists&apos study of money&aposs physical embodiment. Etymology First attested in English 1829, the word numismatics comes from the adjective numismatic, meaning "of coins". It was borrowed in 1792 from French numismatiques, itself a derivation from Late Latin numismatis, genitive of numisma, a variant of nomisma meaning "coin".[2] Nomisma is a latinisation of the Greek νόμισμα (nomisma) which means "current coin/custom",[3] which derives from νομίζω (nomizō), "to hold or own as a custom or usage, to use customarily",[4] in turn from νόμος (nomos), "usage, custom",[5] ultimately from νέμω (nemō), "I dispense, divide, assign, keep, hold".[6] [edit]History of money Main article: History of money Money itself is made to be a scarce good throughout its history, although it does not have to be. Many items have been used as money, from naturally scarce precious metals and cowry shells through cigarettes to entirely artificial money, called fiat money, such as banknotes. Many complementary currencies use time as a unit of measure, using mutual credit accounting that keeps the balance of money intact. Modern money (and most ancient money too) is essentially a token – an abstraction. Paper currency is perhaps the most common type of physical money today. However, goods such as gold or silver retain many of the essential properties of money. [edit]History of numismatics Coin collecting may have existed in ancient times. Caesar Augustus gave "coins of every device, including old pieces of the kings and foreign money" as Saturnalia gifts.[7] Petrarch, who wrote in a letter that he was often approached by vinediggers with old coins asking him to buy or to identify the ruler, is credited as the first Renaissance collector. Petrarch presented a collection of Roman coins to Emperor Charles IV in 1355. The first book on coins was De Asse et Partibus (1514) by Guillaume Bud�.[8] During the early Renaissance ancient coins were collected by European royalty and nobility. Collectors of coins were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg who started the Berlin coin cabinet and Henry IV of France to name a few. Numismatics is called the "Hobby of Kings", due to its most esteemed founders. Professional societies organized in the 19th century. The Royal Numismatic Society was founded in 1836 and immediately began publishing the journal that became the Numismatic Chronicle. The American Numismatic Society was founded in 1858 and began publishing the American Journal of Numismatics in 1866. In 1931 the British Academy launched the Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum publishing collections of Ancient Greek coinage. The first volume of Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles was published in 1958. In the 20th century as well the coins were seen more as archaeological objects. After World War II in Germany a project, Fundm�nzen der Antike (Coin finds of the Classical Period) was launched, to register every coin found within Germany. This idea found successors in many countries. In the United States, the US mint established a coin Cabinet in 1838 when chi coiner Adam Eckfeldt donated his personal collection.[9] William E. Du Bois’ Pledges of History... (1846) describes the cabinet." C. Wyllys Betts&apos American colonial history illustrated by contemporary medals (1894) set the groundwork for the study of American historical medals. [edit]Modern numismatics Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onwards, the period of machine struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics lies frequently in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures and even the socio-political context of coin minting are also matters of interest. Subfields Main articles: Exonumia, Notaphily, and Scripophily Exonumia is the study of coin-like objects such as token coins and medals, and other items used in place of legal currency or for commemoration. This includes elongated coins, encased coins, souvenir medallions, tags, badges, counterstamped coins, wooden nickels, credit cards, and other similar items. It is related to numismatics proper (concerned with coins which have been legal tender), and many coin collectors are also exonumists. Notaphily is the study of paper money or banknotes. It is believed that people have been collecting paper money for as long as it has been in use. However, people only started collecting paper money systematically in Germany in the 1920s, particularly the Serienscheine (Series notes) Notgeld. The turning point occurred in the 1970s, when notaphily was established as a separate area by collectors. At the same time, some developed countries such as the USA, Germany and France began publishing their respective national catalogues of paper money, which represented major points of rerence literature. Scripophily is the study and collection of stocks and Bonds. It is an interesting area of collecting due to both the inherent beauty of some historical documents as well as the interesting historical context of each document. Some stock certificates are excellent examples of engraving. Occasionally, an old stock document will be found that still has value as a stock in a successor company. [edit]Numismatists The term numismatist applies to collectors and coin dealers as well as scholars using coins as source or studying coins. The first group chily derive pleasure from the simple ownership of monetary devices and studying these coins as private amateur scholars. In the classical field amateur collector studies have achieved quite remarkable progress in the field. Examples are Walter Breen, a well-known example of a noted numismatist who was not an avid collector, and King Farouk I of Egypt was an avid collector who had very little interest in numismatics. Harry Bass by comparison was a noted collector who was also a numismatist. The second group are the coin dealers. Often called professional numismatists, they authenticate or grade coins for commercial purposes. The buying and selling of coin collections by numismatists who are professional dealers advances the study of money, and expert numismatists are consulted by historians, museum curators, and archaeologists. The third category are scholar numismatists working in public collections, universities or as independent scholars acquiring knowledge about monetary devices, their systems, their economy and their historical context. An example would be Kenneth Jenkins. Coins are especially relevant as source in the pre-modern period.
题型难度分析	本篇的多选和配对题难度都有一些大，话题难度也较高。
题型技巧分析	段落细节配对难度较大，建议考生放在本篇文章所有题型的最后去做，做时注意切不可逐题去原文整篇文章搜寻答案，这样会导致文章来来回回看很多遍，耗时太长。 1. 划出所有题目的keywords, 同时考虑到有可能出现近义替换的词，有针对性的去原文寻找答案。比如：看到be conscious of立刻想到雅思高频近义替换是be aware of…, 看到reproduce想到copy。 2. 某些题目可以对题目进行细致的分析。平时通过精读多多熟悉文章结构安排，了解行文模式 3. 做题时以文章为基准，每看一段，浏览题目中的keywords是否与其相关。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑6 Cinema
Reading Passage 2
Title:	Rubber
Question types:	判断TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN 归纳摘要summary
文章内容回顾	关于rubber的发展
题型难度分析	判断题主要考察考点词，难度不大，主要学会区分FALSE和NOT GIVEN。 Summary题要注意词性，对词的内容的预测能力。
题型技巧分析	Summary题，有顺序原则。先关注instruction字数限制，有些题目在字数限制前，还有段落限制，告诉考生这个题目是针对哪个段落的。其次，通读summary, 并且划出关键词，主要包括名词，连接词，介词，不定冠词。然后根据空格前后的信息，预测空格上的单词（单复数，可数与否，词性，-ing, -ed, 固定搭配等）如果是有选项的摘要题，还要通读选项。同时注意无选项的文章摘要题，在写答案的时候，单词一定要来自于文章中。
Reading Passage 3
Title:	BLIND to CHANGE
Question types:	人物matching 判断完成句子（句首找句尾）
文章内容回顾	讲人们看东西看事情会出现“盲点”，不是总如自己想象的一样什么都能看到，可能还要靠想象和记忆什么的。
相关英文原文阅读	Can you spot the difference? This failure to notice what should be very apparent is something we unconsciously experience every day as our brains filter the barrage of visual information which we are flooded with. And apparently it has a name; it is called change blindness. Scientists at Queen Mary, University of London, have invented a unique spot-the-difference-style computer game in order to study it. Milan Verma, a scientist at Queen Mary, explains: "It&aposs the phenomenon where seemingly striking or obvious changes are not noticed." He and his colleagues are asking volunteers to play the game - which involves looking at a screen as it flashes between two images of the same scene. "It flicks between a pre-change version and a post-change version of the scene," Dr Verma explains. "The volunteers simply have to press the button and tell us exactly when they spot the change." Trying out the game at Dr Verma&aposs office, my initial reaction was self-satisfaction; I spotted the difference in the first scene - a picture of a butterfly with orange stripes on its wings - almost immediately. In the pre-change scene the colourful insect had two stripes - one on each wing, and on the post-change, there was just one. Easy. Next? But I was quickly reminded that I am just as "change blind" as the next person. As an image of an iceberg scene with five penguins on it flashed in front of me, I stared blankly, unable to see a difference. "I&aposll let you off - there is a lot going on in this image," Dr Verma reassured me. "But it&aposs quite a big change." He had to give me a clue - directing me to the area of the image where the change occurred - bore I realised that a whole chunk of iceberg was missing in the post-change image. That represented one of the fundamental factors about change blindness; a whole chunk of iceberg might seem like an easier thing to spot than the stripe on a butterfly wing, but it is not as obvious to the human brain. "The butterfly image is easy because the changed scene violates our expectations," explains Dr Verma. "We expect butterflies to be symmetrical - to have two identically marked wings - so one that isn&apost really stands out to us." Neuroscientists, as well as developers of artificial intelligence, have been interested in this facet of human perception for many years. In fact, the Queen Mary team incorporate their biological findings into the design of robots - studying the basis of human vision and perception in order to artificially recreate it. And Dr Verma says this might be the first truly unbiased scientific study of change blindness. "Previously, scientists have studied this by manually manipulating pictures," he said. "So they&aposd use... image manipulation software, make a deliberate change and then ask viewers: &aposCan you see the change, yes or no?&apos." This, he says, is cheating. If a human scientist makes a change to a picture, they are making a very human decision about what and where that change is - choosing to remove the bird from the corner of the park view, or to change the colour of the sofa in a living room scene. "So they&aposre making some subjective judgement about how noticeable they think the change is." Artificial intelligence In this study, Dr Verma and his colleague and supervisor, Professor Peter McOwan, created an algorithm that meant the computer "decided" how to change the image. Professor McOwan told BBC News: "This is, as far as I&aposm aware, the first time ever that artificial intelligence [AI] technology has been used to generate experimental stimuli to test human perception. "It brings together two interesting fields of study- AI and human visual intelligence." Dr Verma and Professor McOwen designed software that underlies the game&aposs ability to make a change to each image. Dr Verma describes this as a "genetic algorithm". It essentially tells the computer to change the images in a process akin to evolution. "It&aposs like a process of survival of the fittest," explained Dr Verma. "Darwin suggested that a fit individual is one that can best survive in its surroundings - like a moth that can camouflage with the bark of a tree." But in this case "fitness" is determined by the smallest difference between the pre- and post-change scenes, in terms of how attention-grabbing they are.
题型难度分析	判断题和完成句子题难度不大，且有顺序原则。人物matching难度稍大，建议后做。
题型技巧分析	是非无判断题注意看清是TRUE还是YES。解题步骤： 1. 速读句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等） 2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。 3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。 4. 通读所有段落，依次寻找答案。因为每段都会有答案，因此现在所需要做的事情就是到每段去找答案。要注意在选出信息后，要在选出的段落上做上记号，以免浪费时间。
剑桥雅思推荐原文练习	剑4 Visual Symbols and the Blind