考试日期：

2013年6月8日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

Indoor Air Pollution

Question types:

Short Answer;

Flow Chart;

TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN;

文章内容回顾

室内污染的一大来源为做饭产生的空气污染。

相关英文原文阅读

Indoor Pollution from Cooking Fires Kills 1.5 Million People Annually

More than half the world’s population—about 3 billion people—cook their meals with wood, dung, coal and other solid fuels over open fires or on primitive stoves inside their homes, and that simple act is killing 1.5 million people every year, according to a report by the World Health Organization.

Indoor Pollution Kills Millions Every Year

Cooking with solid fuels on open fires or traditional stoves creates high levels of indoor air pollution, which is a major risk factor for pneumonia among children and chronic respiratory disease among adults. Indoor smoke contains many pollutants that can damage health, such carbon monoxide and particulate pollution levels that may be 20 times higher than accepted guidelines.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), indoor air pollution is responsible for 2.7 percent of the global burden of disease, and pneumonia accounts for the deaths of two million children every year. In 2002, cooking with solid fuels was responsible for nearly 800,000 deaths among children and more than 500,000 deaths among women.

Cleaner Fuels, Modern Stoves

The solution is to help low-income families and developing countries switch to better stoves that burn liquied petroleum gas, biogas, or other cleaner fuels. Switching from a traditional stove to an improved stove substantially reduces indoor smoke and immediately creates a healthier environment.

"Making cleaner fuels and improved stoves available to millions of poor people in developing countries will reduce child mortality and improve women&aposs health," said Dr LEE Jong-wook, WHO Director-General, in a press release announcing the report. "In addition to the health gains, household energy programs can help lift families out of poverty and accelerate development progress."

Low Investment for Big Health and Economic Benits

On average, it would cost as little as $6 for families to install stoves that are better ventilated and more fuel-ficient. Halving the number of people worldwide still cooking with solid fuels by 2015 would cost $13 billion, but the economic benit would be $91 billion annually, largely owing to reduced illness, fewer deaths, shorter cooking times, and less time spent collecting firewood and other fuel. With more time available, the report says, children would do better in school, while their mothers could engage in childcare, agriculture or other income-generating activities to help break the cycle of poverty.

Making improved stoves available to half of those still burning biomass fuels and coal on traditional stoves also would save $34 billion in fuel expenditures every year, and generate an annual economic return of $105 billion over a 10-year period.

About 90 percent of the costs of switching to better stoves and cleaner fuels would be borne by families that installed the new stoves, but investments in new technologies, local businesses, and micro-credit systems to help with financing also would be required to carry out the plan.

Direct Cause and Effect

The report demonstrates that if 100 million more homes were using liquied petroleum gas or other cleaner fuels for cooking, then 473 million fewer people would be exposed to harmful indoor air pollution, and respiratory diseases would cause 282,000 fewer deaths each year.

"It is a travesty that 1.5 million lives a year—many of those of children whose lives have not even started—are snuffed out every year because of needless exposure to indoor smoke," said Dr Maria Neira, WHO&aposs Director for Public Health and Environment. “We have simple, affordable solutions; let us ensure that they reach the people who can benit from—and live by—using them.”

题型难度分析

虽然第一篇文章有三种题型，但是都属于细节题，题干中都出现了明显的定位词，很好定位，很好作答。

题型技巧分析

是非无判断题作为2013年前半年超级主流的题型，不仅要拿下，而且要快速准确地拿下。

注意：可以定位的词：特殊定位词（数字，大写，特殊符号）和名词。一定要带2-3个定位词一起定位，确保快速准确。

考点：1. 数字是否精确和准确，注意数字前的nearly, almost, in excess of, exceed, more than, over

���� 2. 比较级，最高级，注意形容词的比较级和最高级，(not) as...as, the most

���� 3. 绝对限定词：all, only, fully, must, every, each, any, widely, largely等

���� 4. 因果关系词，as a result of, due to, lead to, contribute to, as, since, 注意原因和结果，不要弄反了。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑桥真题5: The truth about environment

了解污染类话题的背景词汇。

剑桥真题9: The history of the tortoise

本篇真题的三个题型与本次考试的这一篇高度相似，建议参考解题规划。

Reading Passage 2

Title:

Bird Orientation 鸟类迁徙找方向

Question types:

Which paragraph contains the following information? 段落细节配对

Classify （分类，鸟类配习性）

Summary 摘要

文章内容回顾

stroller鸟的飞行和年龄以及距离有关（7选4, 没有NB），会因为年龄而影响成功率，也会因为距离长而影响回家成功率。methodology用于研究是否能回到自己的nest, 找回家的路的能力在人与鸟之间的关系。

相关英文原文阅读

Bird migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south along a flyway between breeding and wintering grounds, undertaken by many species of birds. Migration, which carries high costs in predation and mortality, including from hunting by humans, is driven primarily by availability of food. Migration occurs mainly in the Northern Hemisphere where birds are funnelled on to specific routes by natural barriers such as the Mediterranean Sea.

Historically, migration has been recorded as much as 3,000 years ago by Ancient Greek authors including Homer and Aristotle, and in the Book of Job, for species such as storks, Turtle Doves, and swallows. More recently, Johannes Leche began recording dates of arrivals of spring migrants in Finland in 1749, and scientific studies have used techniques including bird ringing and satellite tracking. Threats to migratory birds have grown with habitat destruction especially of stopover and wintering sites, as well as structures such as power lines and wind farms.

The Arctic Tern holds the long-distance migration record for birds, travelling between Arctic breeding grounds and the Antarctic each year. Some species of tubenoses (Procellariiformes) such as albatrosses circle the earth, flying over the southern oceans, while others such as Manx Shearwaters migrate 14,000 km (8,700 mi) between their northern breeding grounds and the southern ocean. Shorter migrations are common, including altitudinal migrations on mountains such as the Andes and Himalayas.

The timing of migration is controlled primarily by changes in day length. Migrating birds navigate using celestial cues from the sun and stars, the earth&aposs magnetic field, and probably also mental maps. Migration has developed independently in different groups of birds and does not appear to require genetic change; some birds have acquired migratory behaviour since the last ice age.

题型难度分析

这篇文章的难度比第一篇的难度高很多，不仅有段落细节配对，还有鸟类配特征的分类题，将近10题都是乱序的题目，使得学生做题速度大大减慢，而且正确率也会略有下降。

题型技巧分析

段落细节配对题：

首先，这个题型是雅思10大题型中最难的题型，也被戏称为“大海捞针题”，这道题要求学生在短时间之内，找到与题干相吻合的句子所在的段落。其实这道题就是在赤裸裸的考察学生同意转换的能力。

其次：由于这道题做题相当费时间，而且正确率普遍偏低，所以我建议学生把这一大题放在整篇文章的最后来完成。

最后，当我们要完成这道题时，我们要了解一下这道题的特点。

A. 永远的第一题型，放后做。它和list of headings是相克的，因为两个题型都是考段落，但是list of headings考察段落的主旨，而这道题则是考察纯细节。

B. 完全乱序。所以必须把题干中的关键词一次性全部划出，并且尽可能的记住所划单词。

C. 有可能出现NB: You may use any letter more than once表明有一个或一个以上的段落会被重复使用一次。

D. 这道题涉及全文，所以很大程度上，这道题会和后面的细节题有关联，一旦我们找到这个关系所在，解开这道题也不会难。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

本文为经典话题中的经典，往年机经对应：

20120510, 20100731 鸟的迁徙 Migration of birds

20070303, 20050910 鸟类定位和导航 Orientation of birds

建议参考：

剑桥真题7: Let’s go bats

了解动物以及其生活中导航寻路相关词汇和背景知识，以及类似生物周期学文章中对于同种生物特性普遍举例和对应出题的规律。

Reading Passage 3

Title:

购买新产品的心理

Question types:

选择题 Multiple Choice

配对题 Matching

是非判断 TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

文章内容回顾

关于经济学相对优势的问题。内容有讲到企业与创新，并分析了一些消费者心理，有各路专家出来给出解释。印象比较深刻的观点是说消费者会拿商品和自己已有的物品比较进行主观判断，而且总体上购买欲是比较消极的。有两个实验：

一个是让两组人分别扮演买者和卖者，对一批咖啡杯进行估价，卖者永远比买者估价高出一倍左右。

另一个是三组小朋友，一组可以任意选择被告知价格差不多的咖啡杯和瑞士巧克力，第二组有咖啡杯但他们可以选择用自己的咖啡杯去换巧克力，第三组有巧克力但可以选择用自己的巧克力换咖啡杯。结果已经有咖啡杯或巧克力的人，只有10%左右愿意拿手头的东西换新的。

于是各路专家继续解释。

相关英文原文阅读

Understanding the Psychology of New-Product Adoption

More than a century ago, Ralph Waldo Emerson is reported to have said, “If a man can write a better book, preach a better sermon, or make a better mousetrap than his neighbor, though he build his house in the woods, the world will make a beaten path to his door.” If only marketing innovations were that simple.

In today’s hypercompetitive marketplace, companies that successfully introduce new products are more likely to flourish than those that don’t. Businesses spend billions of dollars making better “mousetraps” only to find consumers roundly rejecting them. Studies show that new products fail at the stunning rate of between 40% and 90%, depending on the category, and the odds haven’t changed much in the past 25 years. In the U.S. packaged goods industry, for instance, companies introduce 30,000 products every year, but 70% to 90% of them don’t stay on store shelves for more than 12 months. Most innovative products—those that create new product categories or revolutionize old ones—are also unsuccessful. According to one study, 47% of first movers have failed, meaning that approximately half the companies that pioneered new product categories later pulled out of those businesses.

Consider three high-profile innovations whose performances have fallen far short of expectations:

Webvan spent more than $1 billion to create an online grocery business, only to declare bankruptcy in July 2001 after failing to attract as many customers as it thought it would.

In spite of gaining the support of Apple’s Steve Jobs, Amazon’s Jf Bezos, and many high-profile investors, Segway sold a mere 6,000 scooters in the 18 months after its launch—a far cry from the 50,000 to 100,000 units projected.

Although TiVo’s digital video recorder (DVR) has garnered rave reviews since the late 1990s from both industry experts and product adopters, the company had amassed $600 million in operating losses by 2005 because demand trailed expectations.

After the fact, experts and novices alike tend to dismiss unsuccessful innovations as bad ideas that were destined to fail. But surely that’s too simple an explanation. If these innovations are so misguided, why isn’t it obvious bore the fact? Webvan was backed by seasoned retailers, executives, and investment bankers, but it was nonetheless a spectacular failure. While the Segway and TiVo stories have yet to play out fully, both company executives and industry analysts were far more optimistic about those innovations than they should have been.

Why do consumers fail to buy innovative products even when they offer distinct improvements over existing ones? Why do companies invariably have more faith in new products than is warranted? Few would question the objective advantages of many innovations over existing alternatives, but that’s often not enough for them to succeed. To understand why new products fail to live up to companies’ expectations, we must delve into the psychology of behavior change. This article presents a behavioral framework that explains why so many products fail and outlines some actions that companies can take to improve their chances of success.

New products often require consumers to change their behavior. As companies know, those behavior changes entail costs. Consumers incur transaction costs, such as the activation fees they have to pay when they switch from one cellular service provider to another. They also bear learning costs, such as when they shift from manual to automatic automo-bile transmissions. People sustain obsolescence costs, too. For example, when they switch from VCRs to DVD players, their video-tape collections become useless. All of these are economic switching costs that most companies routinely anticipate. What businesses don’t take into account, however, are the psychological costs associated with behavior change. Many products fail be-cause of a universal, but largely ignored, psychological bias: People irrationally over value benefits they currently possess relative to those they don’t. The bias leads consumers to value the advantages of products they own more than the benefits of new ones. It also leads executives to value the benefits of innovations they’ve developed over the advantages of in-cumbent products. That leads to a clash in perspectives: Executives, who irrationally overvalue their innovations, must predict the buying behavior of consumers, who irrationally overvalue existing alternatives. The results are often disastrous: Consumers reject new products that would make them better off, while executives are at a loss to anticipate failure. This double-edged bias is the curse of innovation.

题型难度分析

本篇文章还是以配对题作为主打题型，而且还出现了特别耗时间但又做不对的选择题，再加上FALSE和NOT GIVEN总是纠结半天的是非无判断题，第三篇文章难度颇大。

题型技巧分析

单选题：

1. 95%的四选一的单选题是细节题，剩下的5%考察主旨，往往会出现在一篇文章的最后一个题型，让你选出这篇文章“最适宜的标题”，或是“这篇文章的主旨”。

2. 细节性的选择题，永远是顺序原则，通常来说，一段为一题的定位点，最多一段会有两道题的定位点。

3. 带着题干的关键词在文中定位，正确答案一定经过某种程度的同义替换，所以选项越是和文章内容形似，往往我们越要小心，如果选项出现太绝对的词，如：all, every, only, 等词时，选项会因为说的太绝对，而并非正确答案。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑6 Test 3

考试趋势分析和备考指导：

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本次雅思阅读考试出现了很多“人见人烦”的配对题，尤其是段落细节配对题。接下来的雅思阅读考试题型很有可能将会出现“判断题和摘要题数量保持稳定，配对题比重稳中有升，选择题一军突起”这三大特点。

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未来几个月选择题的数量将大大增加。之所以考生觉得选择题正确率低，是因为很多学生在正确定位之后，对文章的原句进行过度推断，而没有进行字面意义上的同义改写，除此之外，选择题的选项很多，学生在时间紧张的情况下，往往浏览题干时没有仔细研究，导致选错答案。

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应对策略：考生要特别注意每一种题型的复习，切不可因侥幸心理忽视了某种题型技巧的复习，因为很有可能忽略的题型成为考试中的主导题型。

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由于配对题对考生的词汇和句型理解要求相当高，所以每位考生在上考场之前一定要把自己的英语基本功打牢，达到雅思所要求的词汇量和语法要求。毕竟雅思考试是考查真实的语言能力。基础薄弱的同学一定要开始认真打基础，稳扎稳打，反复操练，逐渐积累，切不可迷信所谓“技巧”，因为任何应试技巧都是建立在英语基础之上的，没有扎实的英语功底，任何技巧都是空谈。基础较好而考分要求较高的同学也不可骄傲自大，应耐心地将自己做错的题目仔细和原文进行比对、分析，时间允许的话应当将文章进行仔细的阅读。