考试日期：

2013年7月13日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

鱼在水下如何交流（关于red marking的研究）

Question types:

True / False / Not Given;

Summary Completion;

Multiple Choice;

文章内容回顾

一个德国科学家在埃及红海潜水想看看15m以下到底有没有红光（理论上是没有任何光线的）。结果在海底20m的地方看见了红色的鱼。即使取下红色滤光片用肉眼也可以看见。在这个深度不可能有光线，所以猜想是激发荧光，但是没有设备验证，只能尽可能多地拍照片。回德国之后证实了确实是激发荧光，50种鱼都有这种荧光，是皮下的细胞里的晶体里发出的，不是晶体本身，可能是晶体里的荧光蛋白，这个蛋白可能是细菌制造的。鱼用这个红光来识别种群，标识位置，吓退敌人，掩盖自己，捕捉猎物。

相关英文原文阅读

The fish of the deep-sea are among the strangest and most elusive creatures on Earth. In this deep unknown lie many unusual creatures that have yet to be studied. Since many of these fish live in regions where there is no natural illumination, they cannot rely solely on their eyesight for locating prey and mates and avoiding predators; deep-sea fish have evolved appropriately to the extreme sub-photic region in which they live. Many of these organisms are blind and rely on their other senses, such as sensitivities to changes in local pressure and smell, to catch their food and avoid being caught. Those that aren’t blind have large and sensitive eyes that can use bioluminescent light. These eyes can be as much as 100 times more sensitive to light than human eyes. Also, to avoid predation, many species are dark to blend in with their environment.

Many deep-sea fish are bioluminescent, with extremely large eyes adapted to the dark. Bioluminescent organisms are capable of producing light biologically through the agitation of molecules of luciferin, which then produce photons of light. This process must be done in the presence of oxygen. These organisms are common in the mesopelagic region and below (200m and below). More than 50% of deep-sea fish as well as some species of shrimp and squid are capable of bioluminescence. About 80% of these organisms have photophores – light producing glandular cells that contain luminous bacteria bordered by dark colorings. Some of these photophores contain lenses, much like those in the eyes of humans, which can intensify or lessen the emanation of light. The ability to produce light only requires 1% of the organism&aposs energy and has many purposes: It is used to search for food and attract prey, like the anglerfish; claim territory through patrol; communicate and find a mate; and distract or temporarily blind predators to escape. Also, in the mesopelagic where some light still penetrates, some organisms camouflage themselves from predators below them by illuminating their bellies to match the color and intensity of light from above so that no shadow is cast. This tactic is known as counter illumination.

The life cycle of deep-sea fish can be exclusively deep water although some species are born in shallower water and sink upon maturation. Regardless of the depth where eggs and larvae reside, they are typically pelagic. This planktonic – drifting – lifestyle requires neutral buoyancy. In order to maintain this, the eggs and larvae often contain oil droplets in their plasma. When these organisms are in their fully matured state they need other adaptations to maintain their positions in the water column. In general, water’s density causes upthrust – the aspect of buoyancy that makes organisms float. To counteract this, the density of an organism must be greater than that of the surrounding water. Most animal tissues are denser than water, so they must find an equilibrium to make them float. Many organisms develop swim bladders (gas cavities) to stay afloat, but because of the high pressure of their environment, deep-sea fishes usually do not have this organ. Instead they exhibit structures similar to hydrofoils in order to provide hydrodynamic lift. It has also been found that the deeper a fish lives, the more jelly-like its flesh and the more minimal its bone structure. They reduce their tissue density through high fat content, reduction of skeletal weight – accomplished through reductions of size, thickness, and mineral content – and water accumulation makes them slower and less agile than surface fish.

题型难度分析

第一篇文章的题型包括是非无判断、归纳摘要填空以及单选题。由于三种题型都是顺序题型，且均是对于文章中信息的定位和细节的同义转换，所以难度适中。

题型技巧分析

是非无判断题作为2013年上半年超级主流的题型，不仅要拿下，而且要快速准确地拿下。

注意：可以定位的词：特殊定位词（数字，大写，特殊符号）和名词。

一定要带2-3个定位词一起定位，确保快速准确。

考点：

1. 数字是否精确和准确，注意数字前的nearly, almost, in excess of, exceed, more than, over

2. 比较级，最高级，注意形容词的比较级和最高级，(not) as...as, the most

3. 绝对限定词：all, only, fully, must, every, each, any, widely, largely 等

4. 因果关系词，as a result of, due to, lead to, contribute to, as, since, 注意原因和结果，不要弄反了。

剑桥雅思推荐原文

剑4 Test 1 Passage 2 What do whales feel?

Reading Passage 2

Title:

美国电影的发展

Question types:

Paragraph Heading;

Sentence completion with a box;

Multiple Choice;

文章内容回顾

美国电影的发展史简介

相关英文原文阅读

The history of film is an account of the historical development of the medium known variously as cinema, motion pictures, film, or the movies.

The history of film spans over 100 years, from the latter part of the 19th century to the present day. Motion pictures developed gradually from a carnival novelty to one of the most important tools of communication and entertainment, and mass media in the 20th century and into the 21st century. Most films bore 1930 were silent. Motion picture films have substantially affected the arts,technology, and politics.

The cinema was invented during the 1890&aposs, during what is now called the industrial revolution. It was considered a cheaper, simpler way to provide entertainment to the masses. Movies would become the most popular visual art form of the late Victorian age. It was simpler because of the fact that bore the cinema people would have to travel long distances to see major dioramas or amusement parks. With the advent of the cinema this changed. During the first decade of the cinema&aposs existence, inventors worked to improve the machines for making and showing films. The cinema is a complicated medium, and bore it could be invented, several technological requirements had to be met.

题型难度分析

Heading题对于很多考生来说是正确率较低且花费时间较多的一种题型，对于基础较弱的考生，可先做配套的细节题型，在大致把握文章结构的基础上完成Heading题；而对于基础较扎实的考生，可逐段阅读文章，选出相应Heading, 并同时完成该段落所涉及的细节题型。此篇文章既有细节又有主旨，难度较大。

题型技巧分析

标题配对题（List of headings）是雅思阅读中的一种重要题型，要求给段落找小标题。它一般位于文章之前，由两部分组成：一部分是选项，另一部分是段落编号，要求给各个段落找到与它对应的选项，即表达了该段中心思想的选项，有时还会举一个例子。当然，例子中的选项是不会作为答案的。

解题思路：

1. 将例子所对应的选项及段落标号划去

2. 划出选项中的关键词及概念性名词

3. 浏览文章，抓住各段的主题句和核心词（尤其是反复出现的核心词），重点关注段落首句、第二句与末句

4. 与段落主题句同义或包含段落核心词的选项为正确答案

剑桥雅思推荐原文

剑6 Test 3 Passage 1

Reading Passage 3

Title:

科技在现代生活中的弊端

Question types:

Sentence Completion with a box;

Matching（人名理论）;

True / False / Not Given;

文章内容回顾

科技在现代生活中的各种弊端。

题型难度分析

三种题型均是考察细节，人名理论配对可用人名为线索在文章中直接定位至相应位置，但比对文章中和题目中的理论通常需要花费较多的时间。完成句子配对也具有较强的顺序性，所以，单纯从题型的角度上评价，难度适中。

题型技巧分析

A. 人名观点配对一般考察的是某个人的言论(statement)、观点(opinion)、评论(comment)、发现(findings or discoveries)。这样，一般这个题的答案在文中就只有两个答案区：

1. 人名边上的引号里面的内容；

2. 人名+ think /say /claim /argue /believe /report /find /discover /insist /admit /report... + that从句。

B. 人名在文中一般以以下方式出现：

1. 全称(full name), 如：Brian Waldron

2. 名(first name), 不常见

3. 姓(surname), 如：Professor Smith

4. He/she（在同一段话中，该人再次出现时，用指示代词替代）

因此，建议考生去文中找人名时，应该将上述四种情况均考虑进去。再者，应该谨记在心的是：如果一个人名在一段话中出现N次，也只能算一次。如果一个人名在N段话中出现，就算N次。

C. 该题的答案遍布于全文，因此应该从文章的开头往后依次寻找人名。

D. 该题看上去是全篇文章的考察，其实考察的就是这些人所说的几句话，故应先从文中找人名，再去找答案。

剑桥雅思推荐原文

剑5 Test 3 Passage 3 The return of Artificial Intelligence

考试趋势分析和备考指导：

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本次考试四大题型一个不落集体出现，单选和完成句子选择作为非主流题型在2篇 文章中都有所涉及，选择、判断、配对的数量以绝对的优势压倒了填空题，所以本次考试的难度系数较大。同时，未来几个月选择题的数量将大大增加。之所以考生 觉得选择题正确率低，是因为很多学生在正确定位之后，对文章的原句进行过度推断，而没有进行字面意义上的同义改写，除此之外，选择题的选项很多，学生在时 间紧张的情况下，往往浏览题干时没有仔细研究，导致选错答案。

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应对策略：考生要特别注意对每一种题型的复习，切不可因侥幸心理忽视了某种题型技巧的复习，因为很有可能忽略的题型成为考试中的主导题型。

由于配对题对考生的词汇和句型理解要求相当高，所以每位考生在上考场之前一定要把自己的英语基本功打牢，达到雅思所要求的词汇量和语法要求。毕竟雅思考试是考查真实的语言能力。基础薄弱的同学一定要开始认真打基础，稳扎稳打，反复操练，逐渐积累，切不可迷信所谓“技巧”，因为任何应试技巧都是建立在英语基础之上的，没有扎实的英语功底，任何技巧都是空谈。基础较好而考分要求较高的同学也不可骄傲自大，应耐心地将自己做错的题目仔细和原文进行比对、分析，时间允许的话应当将文章进行仔细的阅读。