考试日期：

2013年8月29日

Reading Passage 1

Title:

How �To Spot A Liar

Question �types:

TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN; Multiple Choice; �Matching

文章内容回顾

关于如何辨别说谎

英文相关原文阅读

However much we may abhor it, deception comes naturally to all �living things. Birds do it by feigning injury to lead hungry predators away �from nesting young. Spider crabs do it by disguise: adorning themselves with �strips of kelp and other debris, they pretend to be something they are �not--and so escape their enemies. Nature amply rewards successful deceivers �by allowing them to survive long enough to mate and reproduce. So it may come �as no surprise to learn that human beings--who, according to psychologist �Gerald Jellison of the University of South California, are lied to about 200 �times a day, roughly one untruth every five minutes--often deceive for �exactly the same reasons: to save their own skins or to get something they �can't get by other means.

But knowing how to catch deceit can be just as important a �survival skill as knowing how to tell a lie and get away with it. A person �able to spot falsehood quickly is unlikely to be swindled by an unscrupulous �business associate or hoodwinked by a devious spouse. Luckily, nature �provides more than enough clues to trap dissemblers in their own tangled �webs--if you know where to look. By closely observing facial expressions, �body language and tone of voice, practically anyone can recognize the �telltale signs of lying. Researchers are even programming computers--like �those used on Lie Detector--to get at the truth by analyzing the same �physical cues available to the naked eye and ear. "With the proper �training, many people can learn to reliably detect lies," says Paul �Ekman, professor of psychology at the University of California, San �Francisco, who has spent the past 15 years studying the secret art of �deception.

In order to know what kind of lies work best, successful liars �need to accurately assess other people's emotional states. Ekman's research �shows that this same emotional intelligence is essential for good lie �detectors, too. The emotional state to watch out for is stress, the conflict �most liars feel between the truth and what they actually say and do.

Even high-tech lie detectors don't detect lies as such; they �merely detect the physical cues of emotions, which may or may not correspond �to what the person being tested is saying. Polygraphs, for instance, measure �respiration, heart rate and skin conductivity, which tend to increase when �people are nervous--as they usually are when lying. Nervous people typically �perspire, and the salts contained in perspiration conduct electricity. That's �why a sudden leap in skin conductivity indicates nervousness--about getting �caught, perhaps?--which might, in turn, suggest that someone is being �economical with the truth. On the other hand, it might also mean that the �lights in the television studio are too hot--which is one reason polygraph �tests are inadmissible in court. "Good lie detectors don't rely on a �single sign," Ekman says, "but interpret clusters of verbal and �nonverbal clues that suggest someone might be lying."

Those clues are written all over the face. Because the �musculature of the face is directly connected to the areas of the brain that �process emotion, the countenance can be a window to the soul. Neurological �studies even suggest that genuine emotions travel different pathways through �the brain than insincere ones. If a patient paralyzed by stroke on one side �of the face, for example, is asked to smile deliberately, only the mobile �side of the mouth is raised. But tell that same person a funny joke, and the �patient breaks into a full and spontaneous smile. Very few people--most �notably, actors and politicians--are able to consciously control all of their �facial expressions. Lies can often be caught when the liar's true feelings �brily leak through the mask of deception. "We don't think bore we �feel," Ekman says. "Expressions tend to show up on the face bore �we're even conscious of experiencing an emotion."

One of the most difficult facial expressions to fake--or �conceal, if it is genuinely felt--is sadness. When someone is truly sad, the �forehead wrinkles with gri and the inner corners of the eyebrows are pulled �up. Fewer than 15% of the people Ekman tested were able to produce this �eyebrow movement voluntarily. By contrast, the lowering of the eyebrows �associated with an angry scowl can be replicated at will by almost everybody. �"If someone claims they are sad and the inner corners of their eyebrows �don't go up," Ekman says, "the sadness is probably false."

The smile, on the other hand, is one of the easiest facial �expressions to counterfeit. It takes just two muscles--the zygomaticus major �muscles that extend from the cheekbones to the corners of the lips--to �produce a grin. But there's a catch. A genuine smile affects not only the �corners of the lips but also the orbicularis oculi, the muscle around the eye �that produces the distinctive "crow's-feet" associated with people �who laugh a lot. A counterfeit grin can be unmasked if the lip corners go up, �the eyes crinkle but the inner corners of the eyebrows are not lowered, a �movement controlled by the orbicularis oculi that is difficult to fake. The �absence of lowered eyebrows is one reason why false smiles look so strained and �stiff.

题型难度分析

相对简单

题型技巧分析

是非无判断题是雅思考试阅读的经典题型

首先应该注意看清是TRUE还是YES, 本篇是TRUE/ FALSE/ NOT GIVEN

解题步骤：

1. 速读问题的句子，找出考点词（容易有问题的部分）。考点词：比较级，最高级，数据（时间），程度副词，特殊形容词，绝对化的词（only, most, each, any, every, the same as等）

2. 排除考点词，在余下的词中找定位词，去原文定位。

3. 重点考察考点词是否有提及，是否正确。

TRUE的原则是同义替换，至少有一组近义词。

FALSE是题目和原文截然相反，不可共存，通常有至少一组反义词。

NOT GIVEN是原文未提及，不做任何推断，尤其多考察题目的主语等名词在原文中是否有提及。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑4 Test 1 Passage 1

剑5 Test 3 Passage 1

Reading Passage 2

Title:

An Ancient City - Tritis

Question �types:

Matching; Sentence Completion; Multiple �Choices

文章内容回顾

古代的一个建筑，考古研究某遗址，对其城市发展建设、生活之类的发现说明。

英文相关原文阅读

Everybody knew about Lourdes Mary Cave, we can find it in France. �And this Mary Cave became an inspiration to many countries and cities. Likewise �when we visited Jogja. We found some Mary Caves too. One of them is Tritis Cave. �This cave touted as The Most Exotic Mary Cave.

Tritis Cave situated at Wonosari, southern of Jogja. Pricesly located �at the hill of Mountains Seribu, Dusun Bulu, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, Wonosari. �To reach this place we take time about 1.5 hours or 50 kilometers from city center. �Looks far and take a long time, hmmm. I don't think so. Because we can see beautiful �landscape along the way. And we will not be bored.

First, this cave named Tritis Singkil Cave. This place known as ghostlike �place because this cave is very quiet and far from peoples routine. So, many people �used this place for hermitage. And then a child found this cave and he try to �tell the church pastor. By local peoples this place used to celebrate Christmas �Mass for local Catholic. After that the terrible impression of this cave gradually �disappeared. Now this cave famous as Tritis Cave and many Catholics came here �to praying. Usually many of them came to this place at May or October because �both of this month known as month of Mary.

Not easy to arrive this cave. From parking area we need to take 2 �kilometers for the distance by walking. Traversed by a winding road and the vehicle �can not be skipped. On the way we'll find children or local people that give the �direction so that we can reach the cave faster and safer. Bore the visitor reach �the cave usually they perform the cross road. There are 14 stations that must �be passed first. Arriving at the Mount of Golgotha, we can see a situation similar �to the original. There are three large cross where Jesus was crucified with Barnabas.

Tritis word taken from Java language it's mean water droplets. The �water droplets at the cave cames from cave ceiling. This cave still looks natural �and decorated with stalactite and stalagmite that's why it looks exotic. Many �people interpret the water droplets with God blessing that down to the visitor. �And the water became the symbol of human life what human existence should be accepted. �That is the spirit of simplicity of Tritis Cave.

Besides that the visitors beli that the water can heal various �diseases. So after praying they take the water to some bottles and bring it home. �Futhermore this water became a special blessing for residents around. Because �surrounding natural condition was barren and local people used it for daily necessities.

题型难度分析

Matching较难

题型技巧分析

Sentence �Completion题型做题步骤：

1. 审题，看清楚字数要求，一般是NO MORE THAN TWO/THREE WORDS

2. 读题目，划出定位词，特殊优先。

3. 预测所填内容，比如所填内容为名词、动词，还是形容词，预测的越详细越好。

4. 根据定位词去文章中找答案。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑3 Test 4 Passage 1

Reading Passage 3

Title:

Sunset �for the Oil Business

Question �types:

TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN; Diagram; Matching

文章内容回顾

石油方面不同人的不同观点，关于石油产业走上坡路还是下坡路。

英文相关原文阅读

The world is about to run out of oil. Or perhaps not. It depends �whom you believe…

IF YOU think OPEC ministers are a conspiratorial cabal, you ought �to meet the Oil Depletion Analysis Centre (ODAC). This colourful group is �convinced that the world is perilously close to an oil shock induced by �scarcity, not politics. Several dozen of its members got together recently in �an auditorium at Imperial College, London, for a peculiar planning session.

Leading lights of this movement, including Colin Campbell, a �geologist and author of “The Coming Oil Crisis”, presented technical data �that supported their grim prognosis. Various experts ridiculed rival analyses, �done by America's Geological Survey and the International Energy Agency �(IEA), that contradicted their views. Dr Campbell even decried the “amazing �display of ignorance, deliberate ignorance, denial and obfuscation” by �governments, industry and academics on this topic.

So is the oil really running out? The answer is easy: Yes. �Nobody seriously disputes the notion that oil is, for all practical purposes, �a non-renewable resource that will run out some day, be that years or decades �away. The harder question is determining when precisely oil will begin to get �scarce. And answering that question involves scaling Hubbert's peak.

M. King Hubbert, a Shell geologist of legendary status among �depletion experts, forecast in 1956 that oil production in the United States �would peak in the early 1970s and then slowly decline, in something �resembling a bell-shaped curve. At the time, his forecast was controversial, �and many rubbished it. After 1970, however, empirical evidence proved him �correct: oil production in America did indeed peak and has been in decline ever �since.

Dr Hubbert's analysis drew on the observation that oil �production in a new area typically rises quickly at first, as the easiest and �cheapest reserves are tapped. Over time, reservoirs age and go into decline, �and so lifting oil becomes more expensive. Oil from that area then becomes �less competitive in relation to other fuels, or to oil from other areas. As a �result, production slows down and usually tapers off and declines. That, he �argued, made for a bell-shaped curve.

His successful prediction has emboldened a new generation of �geologists to apply his methodology on a global scale. Chi among them are �the experts at ODAC, who worry that the global peak in production will come �in the next decade. Dr Campbell used to argue that the peak should have come �already; he now thinks it is just round the corner. A heavyweight has now �joined this gloomy chorus. Kenneth Dfeyes of Princeton University argues in �a lively new book (“The View from Hubbert's Peak”) that global oil production �could peak as soon as 2004.

A slippery slope

That sharply contradicts mainstream thinking. America's �Geological Survey prepared an exhaustive study of oil depletion last year (in �part to rebut Dr Campbell's arguments) that put the peak of production some �decades off. The IEA has just weighed in with its new “World Energy Outlook”, �which foresees enough oil to comfortably meet demand to 2020 from remaining �reserves. René Dahan, one of ExxonMobil's top managers, goes further: with an �assurance characteristic of the world's largest energy company, he insists �that the world will be awash in oil for another 70 years.

Who is right? In making sense of these wildly opposing views, it �is usul to look back at the pitiful history of oil forecasting. Doomsters �have been predicting dry wells since the 1970s, but so far the oil is still �gushing. Nearly all the predictions for 2000 made after the 1970s oil shocks �were far too pessimistic. America's Department of Energy thought that oil would �reach $150 a barrel (at 2000 prices); even Exxon predicted a price of $100.

Michael Lynch of DRI-WEFA, an economic consultancy, is one of �the few oil forecasters who has got things generally right. In a new paper, �Dr Lynch analyses those historical forecasts. He finds evidence of both bias �and recurring errors, which suggests that methodological mistakes (rather �than just poor data) were the problem. In particular, he faults forecasters �who used Hubbert-style analysis for relying on fixed estimates of how much �“ultimately recoverable” oil there really is below ground, in the industry's �jargon: that figure, he insists, is actually a dynamic one, as improvements �in infrastructure, knowledge and technology raise the amount of oil which is �recoverable.

That points to what will probably determine whether the �pessimists or the optimists are right: technological innovation. The first �camp tends to be dismissive of claims of forthcoming technological �revolutions in such areas as deep-water drilling and enhanced recovery. Dr �Dfeyes captures this end-of-technology mindset well. He argues that because �the industry has already spent billions on technology development, it makes �it difficult to ask today for new technology, as most of the wheels have �already been invented.

Yet techno-optimists argue that the technological revolution in �oil has only just begun. Average recovery rates (how much of the known oil in �a reservoir can actually be brought to the surface) are still only around �30-35%. Industry optimists believe that new techniques on the drawing board �today could lift that figure to 50-60% within a decade.

Given the industry's astonishing track record of innovation, it �may be foolish to bet against it. That is the result of adversity: the �nationalisations of the 1970s forced Big Oil to develop reserves in �expensive, inaccessible places such as the North Sea and Alaska, undermining �Dr Hubbert's assumption that cheap reserves are developed first. The �resulting upstream investments have driven down the cost of finding and �developing wells over the last two decades from over $20 a barrel to around �$6 a barrel. The cost of producing oil has fallen by half, to under $4 a �barrel.

Such miracles will not come cheap, however, since much of the �world's oil is now produced in ageing fields that are rapidly declining. The �IEA concludes that global oil production need not peak in the next two �decades if the necessary investments are made. So how much is necessary? If �oil companies are to replace the output lost at those ageing fields and meet �the world's ever-rising demand for oil, the agency reckons they must invest �$1 trillion in non-OPEC countries over the next decade alone. Ouch.

题型难度分析

配对题较难

题型技巧分析

Matching题分为了一方是特殊定位词的配对，分类题，段落配标题，段落细节信息定位。一方是特殊定位词的配对主要有人名配观点，时间配事件，地点配事件。这种题目在做的时候要注意以下几点：

1. 审题，读Instruction。一般来说，都会有You may use any letter more than �once. 遇到这个大写的一行字时，提醒考生一般本题中肯定会有一个字母用两次，而且只有一个字母会重复。

2. 迅速浏览人名。在文章中圈出人名。

3. 通读配对另一方，划出关键词。

在文章中圈出的人名旁找相应信息与关键词进行匹配。

一方不是特殊定位词时，需要将配对双方都要通读，并划出核心词汇，以名词为主。同时这类型题要放在本篇文章的最后做。

剑桥雅思推荐原文练习

剑4 Test 3 Passage 1