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　　P1 企业社会责任和“市场”新概念

　　P2 对黑猩猩的研究

　　P3 外貌与性格

　　点评：

　　1. 本次考试难度中等。

　　2. 整体分析： 涉及商业类、生物类、心理类。

　　3. 主流题型：判断依旧大量出现;选择题(包括单选、多选)出现较多;配对、简答题也有考查。

　　4.P1 单选*4 + 多选*9

　　文章大意：通过Ben & Jerry’s以及The Body Shop两家公司的例子论证了企业的社会责任，提出了新的“市场”概念。

　　5.P2 简答*4 + 判断*5 + 配对*5

　　参考原文

　　The Culture of Chimpanzee

　　A

　　The similarities between chimpanzees and humans have been studied for �years, but in the past decade researchers have determined that these �resemblances run much deeper than anyone first thought. For instance, the nut �cracking observed in the Tai Forest is far from a simple chimpanzee behavior; �rather it is a singular adaptation found only in that particular part of Africa �and a trait that biologists consider to be an expression of chimpanzee culture. �Scientists frequently use the term “culture” to describe elementary animal �behaviors such as the regional dialects of different populations of �songbirds-but as it turns out, the rich and varied cultural traditions found �among chimpanzees aremsecond in complexity only to human traditions.

　　B

　　During the past two years, an unprecedented scientific collaboration, �involving every major research group studying chimpanzees, has documented a �multitude of distinct cultural patterns extending across Africa, in actions �ranging from the animals’ use of tools to their forms of communication and �social customs. This emerging picture of chimpanzees not only affects how we �think of these amazing creatures but also alters human beings’ conception of our �own uniqueness and hints at ancient foundations for extraordinary capacity for �culture.

　　C

　　Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes have coexisted for hundreds of millennia �and share more than 98 percent of their genetic material, yet only 40 years ago �we still knew next to nothing about chimpanzee behavior in the wild. That began �to change in the 1960s, when Toshisada Nishida of Kyoto University in Japan and �Tane Goodall began their studies of wild chimpanzees at two field sites in �Tanzania. (Goodall’s research station at Gombe - the first of its kindis more �famous. but Nishida’s site at Mahale is the second oldest chimpanzee research �site in the world.)

　　D

　　In these initial studies, as the chimpanzees became accustomed to close

　　observation, the remarkable discoveries began. Researchers witnessed a

　　range of unexpected behaviors, including fashioning and using tools, �hunting, meat eating, food sharing and lethal fights between members of �neighboring communities. In the years that followed, other primatologists set up �camp elsewhere, and, despite all the financial, political and logistical �problems that can beset African fieldwork, several of these out- posts became �truly long-term projects. As a result, we live in an unprecedented time, when an �intimate and comprehensive scientific record of chimpanzees’ lives at last �exists not just for one but for several communities spread across Africa.

　　E

　　As early as 1973, Goodall recorded 13 forms of tool use as well as �eight

　　social activities that appeared to differ between the Gombe chimpanzees and �chimpanzee populations elsewhere. She ventured that some variations had what she �termed a cultural origin. But what exactly did Goodall mean by “culture”? �According to the Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, culture is dined as �“the customs and achievements of a particular time or people.” The diversity of �human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage rituals, from �culinary habits to myths and legends. Animals do not have myths and legends, of �course. But they do have the capacity to pass on behavioral traits from �generation to generation, not through their genes but by learning. For �biologists, this is the fundamental criterion for a cultural trait: it must be �something that can be learned by observing the established skills of others and �thus passed on to future generations.

　　F

　　What of the implications for chimpanzees themselves? We must highlight the �tragic loss of chimpanzees, whose populations are being decimated just when we �are at last coming to appreciate these astonishing animals more completely. �Populations have plummeted in the past century and continue to fall as a result �of illegal trapping, logging and, most recently, the bushmeat trade. The latter �is particularly alarming: logging has driven roadways into the forests that are �now used to ship wild animal meat, including chimpanzee meat, to consumers as �far afield as Europe. Such destruction threatens not only the animals themselves �but also a host of fascinatingly different ape cultures.

　　G

　　Perhaps the cultural richness of the ape may yet help in its salvation, �however. Some conservation forts have already altered the attitudes of some �local people. A few organizations have begun to show videotapes illustrating the �cognitive prowess of chimpanzees. One Zairian viewer was heard to exclaim, “Ah, �this ape is so like me, I can no longer eat him.”

　　H

　　How an international team of chimpanzee experts conducted the most

　　comprehensive survey of the animals ever attempted. Scientists have been �investigating chimpanzee culture for several decades, but too often their �studies contained a crucial flaw. Most attempts to document cultural diversity �among chimpanzees have relied solely on officially published accounts of the �behaviors recorded at each research site. But this approach probably overlooks a �good deal of cultural variation for three reasons.

　　I

　　First, scientists typically don’t publish an extensive list of all the �activities

　　they don’t see at a particular location. Yet this is exactly what we need �to know-which behaviors were and were not observed at each site. Second, many �reports describe chimpanzee behaviors without saying how common they are; �without this information, we can’t determine whether a particular action was a �once-in-a-lifetime aberration or a routine event that should be considered part �of the animals’ culture. Finally, researchers’ descriptions of potentially �significant chimpanzee behaviors frequently lack sufficient details, making it �difficult for scientists to work at

　　other spots to record the presence or absence of the activities.

　　J

　　To remedy these problems, the two of us decided to take a new approach. We �asked field researchers at each site for a list of all the behaviors they �suspected were local traditions. With this information in hand, we pulled �together a comprehensive list of 65 candidates for cultural behaviors.

　　K

　　Then we distributed our list to the team leaders at each site. In �consultation with their colleagues, they classified each behavior in terms of �its occurrence or absence in the chimpanzee community studied. The key �categories were customary behavior (occurs in most or all of the able-bodied �members of at least one age or sex class, such as all adult males), habitual �(less common than customary but occurs repeatedly in several individuals), �present (seen at the site but not habitual), absent (never seen), and �unknown.

　　L

　　The extensive survey turned up no fewer than 39 chimpanzee patterns of �behavior that should be labeled as cultural variations, including numerous forms �of tool use, grooming techniques and courtship gambits, several of which are �illustrated throughout this article. This cultural richness is far in excess of �anything known for any other species of animal. Today’s lesson includes a �demonstration of how to crack open a coula nut. A mother chimpanzee in the Tai �Forest of Ivory Coast uses a stone hammer to cleave a nut while a youngster �watches. Not all chimpanzees in this area have developed this behavior. On the �eastern bank of the Sassandra-N’Zo River, chimpanzees do not crack nuts even �though members of the same species on the other side of the river, just a few �miles away, do.

　　6. P3 判断*4 + 单选*5 + 多选*4

　　文章大意：研究了人的外貌与性格之间的联系

　　以上是关于2015年6月18日雅思阅读机经的详细内容，希望对大家备考雅思考试有所帮助，更多雅思机经尽在澳际教育雅思频道。

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