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　　1. 本次考试难度中等。

　　2. 整体分析： 三篇为旧题。涉及农业(P1)、研究类(P2)、语言类(P3).

　　3. 主流题型：配对和单选比重很大;判断题出现在三篇文章;填空题考察句子填空，P3最后有句子完成配对。　　�

　　P1 ��Traditional Farming System in Africa 非洲农业 V100717

　　原文阅读

　　A By �tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other �parts of Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people �of either sex, according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one �ulupwa cannot take on a very large area; in this sense land has not been a �limiting resource over large parts of the province. The situation has already �changed near the main townships, and there has long been a scarcity of land for �cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership patterns are �becoming prevalent.

　　B Most �of the traditional cropping in Luapula, as in the Bemba area to the east, is �based on citemene, a system whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree �branches. As a rule, entire trees are not felled, but are pollarded so that they �can regenerate. Branches are cut over an area of varying size early in the dry �season, and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a fifth to a tenth of the �pollarded area. The wood is fired bore the rains and in the first year planted �with the African cereal finger millet (Eleusine coracana).

　　C �During the second season, and possibly for a few seasons more the area is �planted to variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins �(Telfiria occidentalis) and other cucurbits, sweet potatoes, groundnuts, �Phaseolus beans and various leafy vegetables, grown with a certain amount of �rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava, which is often �planted into the developing last-but-one crop as a relay.

　　D �Richards (1969) observed that the practice of citemene entails a dinite �division of labour between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an �unobtrusive manner, since it is considered provocative towards one’s �neighboursto mark boundaries in an explicit way. The dangerous work of felling �branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride. Branches are stacke by �the women, and fired by the men. Formerly women and men cooperated in the �planting work, but the harvesting was always done by the women. At the beginning �of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches �fectively destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients �eventually become depleted to a point where furtherfort with annual crops is �judged to be not worthwhile: at this point the cassava is planted, since it can �produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil. Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a �new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.

　　E When �forest is not available -this is increasingly the case nowadays -various ridging �systems (ibala)are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of �maize, beans, groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relayed with cassava. These �plots are usually tended by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots �have year-round access to water tables mango, guava and oil-palm trees often �grow around houses, forming a traditional agroforestry system. In season some of �the fruit is sold by the roadside or in local markets.

　　F The �margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the �rainy season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the �dambo during the dry season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, no doubt �because the growing of crops under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of �skill. Near towns some of the vegetable produce is sold in local markets.

　　G �Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of �Luapulans, as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is �dried for sale to areas away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu �Lake Basins are the main areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is �also exploited during the latter part of the dry season. Several previously �abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula salmon or mpumbu (Labeo �altivelis) andpale (Sarotherodon machochir) have all but disappeared from Lake �Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.

　　H �Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula �that crop husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize �grower in a whole season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high �earnings to be obtained from fishing induced an ‘easy come, easy go’ outlook �among Luapulan men. On the other hand, someone who secures good but erratic �earnings may feel that their investment in an economically productive activity �is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate well in such activities. �Besides, a fisherman with spare cash will find little in the way of working �equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and have a �good time!

　　I Only �small numbers of cattle or oxen are kept in the province owing to the prevalence �of the tsetse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing �during the dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples’ �ability to plough and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to �prepare by hand-hoeing. Most people keep freely roaming chickens and goats. �These act as a reserve for bartering, but may also be occasionally slaughtered �for ceremonies or for entertaining important visitors. These animals are not a �regular part of most peoples’ diet.

　　J �Citemene has been an ingenious system for providing people with seasonal �production of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily �leached soils. Nutritionally, the most serious diciency was that of protein. �This could at times be alleviated when fish was available, provided that �cultivators lived near the Valley and could find the means of bartering for �dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well adapted to the ecology of the �miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only as long as human �population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities are �still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the �fisheries nor the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodified �traditional practices, of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.

　　Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive �systems while yet ensuring that these systems will remain productive in the �future, when even more people will need food. Increasing overall production of �food, though a vast challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the �same time storage and distribution systems must allow everyone access to at �least a moderate share of the total

　　Questions� �1-4

　　Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1.

　　Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS �from the passage for each answer.

　　Write your answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

　　1 In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with need

　　2 The citemene system provides the land with (the) ashes where crops are �planted.

　　3 During the second season, the last planted crop is (vegetable) cassava

　　4 Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near houses

　　Questions 5-8

　　Classify the following items with the correct description.

　　Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet.

　　A fish

　　B oxen

　　C goats

　　5 be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations. C

　　6 cannot thrive for being affected by the pests. B

　　7 be the largest part of creating profit. A

　　8 be sold beyond the local area. A

　　Questions 9-12

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading �Passage 1?

　　In boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

　　FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

　　NOT GVEN if there is no information on this

　　9 People rarely use animals to cultivate land. TRUE

　　10 When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force. ��NOT GIVEN

　　11 he local residents eat goats on a regular time. FALSE

　　12 Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide �enough protein. TRUE

　　Questions 13

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write the correct letter in the box 13 on your answer sheet.

　　What is the writer’s opinion about the traditional ways of �practices?�� �B

　　A They can supply the nutrition that people need.

　　B hey are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.

　　C They are productive systems that need no more improving.

　　D They will be easily modified in the future.

　　句子填空; 分类题；判断，单选

　　P2 Finding our way 导航� �V100529

　　Questions 14-18

　　Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation �method (listed A-C) with correct statement. Write the appropriate letters A-C in �boxes 14-18on your answer sheet.

　　NB you may use any letter more than once

　　A Guidance

　　B Path integration.

　　C Route following

　　14 Using basic direction from starting point and light intensity to move �on. B

　　15 Using combination of place and direction heading for destination. C

　　16 Using an iconic building near your destination as orientation. A

　　17 Using a retrace method from a known place if a mistake happens. �C

　　18 Using a passed spot as rerence for a new integration. �B

　　Questions� �19-21

　　Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

　　Write your answers in boxes 19-21 on your answer sheet.

　　19 What does the ant of Cataglyphis respond if it has been taken to another �location according to the

　　passage?

　　A Changes the orientation sensors improvingly

　　B Releases biological scent for help from others

　　C Continues to move by the original orientation �

　　D Totally gets lost once disturbed

　　20 Which of the followings is true about "cognitive map" in this �passage?

　　A There is not obvious difference contrast by real map

　　B It exists in our head and is always correct

　　C It only exists under some cultures

　　D It was managed by brain memory

　　21 Which of following description of way findings correctly rlects the �function of cognitive �map?

　　A It visualizes a virtual route in a large scope �

　　B It reproduces an exact details of every landmark

　　C Observation plays a more important role

　　D Store or supermarket is a must in the map

　　Questions 22-26

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading �Passage 2?

　　In boxes 22-26 on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement is true

　　FALSE if the statement is false

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　22 Biological navigation has a state of flexibility. TRUE

　　23 You will always receive good reaction when you ask direction. �NOT �GIVEN

　　24 When someone follows a route, he or she collects comprehensive �perceptional information in mind on the way. TRUE

　　25 Path integration requires more thought from brain compared with �route-following. FALSE

　　26 In a familiar surroundings, an exact map of where you are will �automatically emerge in your head. FALSE

　　人名观点配对, 单选，判断

　　P3 迁徙与语言

　　文章大意：

　　人类迁徙语言和语言之间的联系Greenberg 的研究，把语言分成三类。理论发展和其他专家的意见。

　　Questions27-32� Matching �人名（美国大学教授）和观点配对

　　27. All the linguistic opposed to his findings because……

　　the Green’s data insufficient and the conclusion was �limited

　　28. XX Campbell-Linguistic once who was

　　against going thousands of year back to study �languages

　　29. Linguistic, the one who…

　　said that language are not related to basic �genetics.

　　30. XX linguistic who---did not �attempt this method

　　31. XXX---languages are related to �each other based on genetics.

　　32. The mother tongue and opposed ones, ---had a number of similar words, sound �units and segment.

　　Questions33-34

　　Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading �Passage 3?

　　In boxes 33-34on your answer sheet, write

　　TRUE if the statement is true

　　FALSE�if the statement is false

　　NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

　　33. Linguistics had used astronomy for grouping language NOT GIVEN

　　34. Currently there is not enough interest in language research FALSE

　　35-40. 待补充

　　句子完成配对，判断

　　以上是关于2015年7月23日雅思阅读机经的详细内容，希望对大家备考雅思考试有所帮助，更多雅思机经尽在澳际教育雅思频道。

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