SAT作文评分标准与评分过程详解.

2017-08-05 作者： 234阅读

　　SAT的作文是SAT三大内容(数学，阅读，写作)之一的写作内容的一个组成部分，它同语法考试一起组成了写作考试，写作部分的总分为800分。在这800分中，作文的分数约占总分的1/4，但由于这一分数不仅被单列出来，而且作文的影印件还被提交给各大学，所以使得作文显得尤其重要。可以说好的作文分数不一定会提高你的录取可能性，但很差的作文分数却会使你提前出局。

　　作文的得分范围是0-12分，它在写作这一项的具体所占分数的比例可参考表5-3-2。

　　一、SAT作文考核何种能力

　　SAT作文正象大家所认为的那样：它是为测试考生的写作能力而设置的。至于目前使用的考试形式是否能考出考生的写作能力，却存在着很大的分歧，一些美国的教育专家和考试专家认为这一考法根本无法正确评估考生的写作能力，所以认为应取消它或改变它。更有专家做了实验，实验结果否定了它的评估权威性。实验是这样的做的：在某高中随机抽出一组学生，对他们进行作文考试，记下他们的得分。在考核之后对这些学生进行为期3天的培训和具有针对性的写作训练，经过3天的强化之后再测试他们，却出现了戏剧性的结果：这组学生的作文分数平均提高了3分(12分为满分)。也就是说。经过3天的写作强化，一个5分学生竟然可提高到8分，而一个8分学生竟然可能提高到了11分。

　　三天的任何训练都无法真正提高一个人的写作水平，这一点作者认为是无可争议的。那么如何解释这3分呢？作者不想在此给出任何解释，留给读者思考吧。作者只是想说这种考试不仅仍然存在着，而且丝毫未变。这一现象对我们英语是非母语的考生来说，未必是一件坏事，只要你得到要领，做适当练习和必要的考前准备，或许不止提高3分呢。

　　在这里作者想告诉大家SAT作文是如此来考核考生的。在25分钟的短暂时间里考生能组织出怎样的一篇议论文草稿。通过对这一草稿的量(字数的多少)，质(论述及例子的好坏)和色(愠色和修辞的水平)来考核考生的写作能力。尽管排出三者的优先顺序是一件可笑的事。但作者凭经验而言，仍想牵强地给出如下的优先顺序：量〉质〉色。

　　二、SAT作文的标准

　　SAT作文题都是议论文，理想的文章应具有以下特点：严谨，清晰的论点，有说服力的论据，恰到好处的事例，多样化的句型，丰富的词汇和正确的语法。美国教育考试服务中心(ETS)公布了各个分数的作文所具有的特点。下面给出它的原文，供读者了解、学习和掌握。在此评分的范围是0-6分。不过作者想告诉大家，这不是作文评卷人使用的评分依据，因为它太不具体了。

　　Score of 6

　　An essay in this category demonstrates clear and consistent mastery, although it may have a few minor errors. A typical essay:

　　Effectively and insightfully develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates outstanding critical thinking, using clearly appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position

　　Is well organized and clearly focused, demonstrating clear coherence and smooth progression of ideas

　　Exhibits skillful use of language, using a varied, accurate, and apt vocabulary

　　Demonstrates meaningful variety in sentence structure

　　Is free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics

　　Score of 5

　　An essay in this category demonstrates reasonably consistent mastery, although it will have occasional errors or lapses in quality. A typical essay:

　　Effectively develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates strong critical thinking, generally using appropriate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position

　　Is well organized and focused, demonstrating coherence and progression of ideas

　　Exhibits facility in the use of language, using appropriate vocabulary

　　Demonstrates variety in sentence structure

　　Is generally free of most errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics

　　Score of 4

　　An essay in this category demonstrates adequate mastery, although it will have lapses in quality. A typical essay:

　　Develops a point of view on the issue and demonstrates competent critical thinking, using adequate examples, reasons, and other evidence to support its position

　　Is generally organized and focused, demonstrating some coherence and progression of ideas

　　Exhibits adequate but inconsistent facility in the use of language, using generally appropriate vocabulary

　　Demonstrates some variety in sentence structure

　　Has some errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics

　　Score of 3

　　An essay in this category demonstrates developing mastery, and is marked by one or more of the following weaknesses:

　　Develops a point of view on the issue, demonstrating some critical thinking, but may do so inconsistently or use inadequate examples, reasons, or other evidence to support its position

　　Is limited in its organization or focus, but may demonstrate some lapses in coherence or progression of ideas

　　Displays developing facility in the use of language, but sometimes uses weak vocabulary or inappropriate word choice

　　Lacks variety or demonstrates problems in sentence structure

　　Contains an accumulation of errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics

　　Score of 2

　　An essay in this category demonstrates little mastery, and is flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:

　　Develops a point of view on the issue that is vague or seriously limited, demonstrating weak critical thinking, providing inappropriate or insufficient examples, reasons, or other evidence to support its position

　　Is poorly organized and/or focused, or demonstrates serious problems with coherence or progression of ideas

　　Displays very little facility in the use of language, using very limited vocabulary or incorrect word choice

　　Demonstrates frequent problems in sentence structure

　　Contains errors in grammar, usage, and mechanics so serious that meaning is somewhat obscured

　　Score of 1

　　An essay in this category demonstrates very little or no mastery, and is severely flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses:

　　Develops no viable point of view on the issue, or provides little or no evidence to support its position

　　Is disorganized or unfocused, resulting in a disjointed or incoherent essay

　　Displays fundamental errors in vocabulary

　　Demonstrates severe flaws in sentence structure

　　Contains pervasive errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics that persistently interfere with meaning

　　Score of 0

　　Essays not written on the essay assignment will receive a score of 0.

　　三、SAT作文的评分过程

　　SAT作文的评阅是美国教育考试服务中心(ETS)召集大学和高中语文教师来完成的。委员会首先培训这些即将评卷的老师，给他们一篇文章，让大家根据自己的感觉来评分，分数范围定为1-6。结果自然平出的分数会有很大的差异。例如，A评卷人认为该样卷中有几处拼写错误，所以扣了一分，而B评卷人认为该样卷中有一处比喻写得恰到好处所以加了一分，这一减一加，就使得同一张卷子的得分有了2分的差异。这是评委会所不希望的，所以委员会会给评卷人讲解具体的评卷标准，告诉评卷人：几个拼写错误不要扣分，一个好的比喻也不要加分，然后大家再次评分。经过这样的多次试评，讲解，再试评，再讲解，最终所有评卷人对同一试卷几乎会给出相同的分数。在这种训练之后真正的评卷工作才开始，并规定每张试卷随机地被两名评卷人评定，分数为0-6分，如果两名评卷人的给分差小于、等于1分，那么这两个评卷人给出的分数的和即为这篇作文的最终得分。例如：评卷人A给了4分，评卷人B给了5分，那么该作文的最终得分是9分。如果两位老师评出的分数的差大于1分，那么该作文将由第三位评卷人来评判。如果多张试卷都需要第三位评卷人评阅的话，那将大大增加工作量，甚至延期分数的公布时间。由此可见，不同评卷人要评出相同分数或相近分数的重要性。所以每一位评卷人考虑的是如何能够同另一个评卷人评出相同或相近的分数。

　　再谈一下评卷人评一份作文的时间。据评过SAT作文的人说，评一份作文仅仅花1分半到2分钟时间，且评卷是在疲倦的状态下进行的。按作者的一位参加过评卷的朋友说：整个评阅过程是一个不连续的扫描过程，分数是在扫描的过程中逐渐形成的，即为一个印象分数。

　　神奇的是尽管评阅得如此快，但评卷人们却能评出几乎相同的分数。这说明他们心中有一个共同的“尺子”。尽可能地把这把尺子展现给读者是作者的目的。

SAT作文评分标准与评分过程详解SAT作文评分标准与评分过程详解